Term
| Potato famine in ireland. Cause? |
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Definition
| the lumper, the country was too dependent on not only one crop but one variety causing. Victim of a potato blight that destroyed crops 1845,47,48 |
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Term
| Potato famine in ireland. Impacts? |
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Definition
| 1 million irish diead and thousands ill |
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Term
| Potato famine in ireland. Main lesson? |
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Definition
| the lumper provides evidence of the importance of diversity |
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Term
| How did the russet potato become the dominant in the U.S.? |
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Definition
| it is ideal for making french fries |
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Term
| Why is the Russet potato difficult to cultivate? |
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Definition
| Not easy to grow bc it requires increasing amount of inputs including pesticides, fertilizer, water and energy. Generating high economic social and environmental cost |
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Term
| What is biotechnolgy andy why is it controversial- what are some of the problems with genetically modified crops? |
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Definition
Genetically modified crop;
-Farmers are then forced to buy new seeds each year, rather than plantingthose produced by the new crop.
-Farmers therefore keep paying to use the seeds, patent holders keep making money, and the small farmers who cannot afford the patented seeds have more difficulty competing |
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Term
| Describe the Monsanto and seed saving situation. |
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Definition
| Subsidizes certain commodity crops, famers are paid to grow. Farmers sell crops at artifically low prices+still make profit. Food companies use to make processes food |
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Term
| What is the purpose of U.S. farm bill? |
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Definition
| Subsidizes certain commodity crops, famers are paid to grow. Farmers sell crops at artifically low prices+still make profit. Food companies use to make processes food |
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Term
| What are some of the impacts of the farm bill? |
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Definition
| these commodities are everything, corn is processed food and animal feed, drives down the price of food with these commodities |
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Term
| What are the environmental impacts of idustrial agriculture? |
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Definition
reguires lots of water and chemical input like pesticides and fertilizer and run offs could cause dead zones
-Corn is dispensed in feedlots, so cows are in close proximity to one another
- breeds problems with Ecoli. Grass-fed animals have less problem with
Ecoli.
-Corn-fed cows emit more methane gas than grass-fed cows, and therefore
contribute more to climate change. |
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Term
| who suffers most from the health impacts of industriall produced food any why? |
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Definition
| Those who cannot afford healthier food |
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Term
| What are the health impacts of industraill produced food like corn? |
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Definition
| obesity, diabetes, heart disease |
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Term
| How are workers affected by industrial agriculture? |
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Definition
-exposed to pesticides
-illegal immigrants=little power to demand change
-free trade agreement destroyed corn economy and forces workers to move to u.s. from mexico |
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Term
| What are some alt. to industrial agriculture? |
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Definition
-sustainable agricultre
-organic agriculture
-community agriculture |
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Term
| Can organic agriculture feed the world? |
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Definition
| Yes, it produce 3x more food than conventional |
|
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Term
| environmental benefits of organic agr.? |
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Definition
-25% less energy
-reduces carbon emissions
-relies on saved seeds so poor nations can always produce food |
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Term
| What can be done to shift industrial production of food to sustainable agriculture? |
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Definition
| gov. regulate/give proft to organic agr., communities agreen on community agr. |
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Term
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Definition
| to change a plant or animal from its wild characterics to better fit human needs |
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Term
| genetically modified crops |
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Definition
| have had foreign genes instered into their genetic code |
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Term
|
Definition
North American Free Trade Agreement
(between U.S., Mexico, Canada) |
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Term
|
Definition
| agricultural practices based on ecological principles |
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Term
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Definition
| agriculture that excludes chemical input(fertilizer+pesticides) relying on crop rotation etc to maintain nutrients in the soil and control pest |
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Term
| Community Supported Agriculture |
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Definition
| locally produced-growers + consumers share the benefits and risk of food production |
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Term
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Definition
| Yes, only 3% of earth's water is fresh (2.99 galicers) |
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Term
| Whay did companies like Coca Cola decide to market and sell bottled water? |
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Definition
-$46 billion industry
-cost more than gas
-cheap to produce |
|
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Term
| What are the main sources of bottle water? |
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Definition
75% underground sources
25% municipal tap sources |
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Term
| Is bottoled water better for you than tap? |
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Definition
| No, most bottled water is packaged tap water, tap water has stricter regulations and plastic poses health threats |
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Term
| Tap what is regulated under? bottled? |
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Definition
EPA-environmental protection agency
FDA- food+drug adm.-bottled |
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Term
| What are the social impacts of bottled water? |
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Definition
| tap water is percieved hazardous-false commodity! |
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Term
| What are environmental impacts of bottled water? |
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Definition
-1.5 million tons of plastic used
-plastic production burns barrels of oil
-75-90% aren't recycled
-harmful chemicals in water lead to marine/human health issues |
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Term
| What are the 3 scarcity associated with freshwater resources? |
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Definition
1.hydrological scarcity
2.techno-economic scarcity
3.perceptual scarcity |
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Term
| Define desalinization and describe drawbacks? |
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Definition
procesing of water to remove salt and other minerals
drawbacks-expensive, energy intense, cost 3x more for consumers |
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Term
| How would a political economy approach perceive the case of bottled water? |
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Definition
| around the world a common prop., recently privatized(False commodity!), capitalist "manufactured demand" |
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Term
| Within a political economy approach how is water an example of primitive accumulation |
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Definition
| watter is appropriated+turned from a common resource into a commodity then sold back to ppl 4 profit |
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Term
| What can we do to solve the freshwater scarcity problem? |
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Definition
-clean water for everyone(1.7 bil)
-improve water sanitation(9.3 bil)
combined less than 4th of global spending on bottled water |
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Term
|
Definition
| freshwater found beneath the earths surface in aquifers |
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Term
|
Definition
| water that flows over or is found on the surface of earth like rivers streams lakes ponds |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of water due to climatological or hydrolocial reasons(U.Arabia Emirates+Saudi Arabia) |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of water due to lack of infrastructure or treatment due to underdevelopment(often in underdeveloped areas Thailand+Mexico) |
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Term
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Definition
| water is perceived to be scarce or potential hazardous-even when widely available-mostly in developed countires-franch italy U.S. |
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Term
|
Definition
| capitalist manufacture demand through marketing+packaging |
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Term
| Qhat is the difference betwen GNP and GP? Indicate? |
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Definition
GNP – measures income to country’s enterprises globally
GDP – measures income generated within the country |
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Term
| What is GPI and benefits over GNP? |
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Definition
| Measures social, environment + health. Crime, pollution, GHE, sickness count as cost not gains to the economy |
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Term
| What does using GPI as a measure of progress over GNP tell us about the progress over the last 50 years? |
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Definition
| GPI includes social+enviromental cost shows we have not progressed while GNP shows we did |
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Term
| Define ecological footprint? Country with highest? |
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Definition
-an index of environmental impact used to estimate of the total area of productive land+water necessary to produce the resources+assimilate the wast from a give population
-America |
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Term
| Define HPI and 3 key components? |
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Definition
-measure of ecological efficiency w/ which human well being is created and health is maintained(showing high consumption does not produce high levels of well being)
components- health, well-being, resouce consumption |
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Term
| What does HPI show? highest/lowest country? |
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Definition
Shows us that high levels of resources consumption does not produce high levels of well being
highest- Mexico/Central America
lowest- U.S. and Africa |
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Term
| Greater impact population or consumption |
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Definition
| Income/consumption pop. occus in developing world but carbon emissions of one American is 4 chinese, 20 indians, 30 paks., 40 nigerians, 25 ethlopians |
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Term
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Definition
| destroying the planet, cutting down trees |
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Term
|
Definition
| use energy to make toxic materials that get in air/water make ppl sick |
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Term
|
Definition
| externalized cost; we dont pay for things kids in african factories do |
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Term
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Definition
| we consume+contribute to arrow |
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Term
|
Definition
| 4.5/lbs day per person; dumped in landfills or burned |
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Term
| 3 international conference on Sustainable development which first? |
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Definition
1. unconference on the human environment-1972(first)
2. world commision on envi+devel-1987
3. UN conference on Envi+devel-1992 |
|
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Term
| what is the approach at the foundation of limits to growth? |
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Definition
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Term
| Rio declartion def. of sustainable development? |
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Definition
| developing that meets the needs of the present without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet our own needs |
|
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Term
| 3 pillars of sustainable development? |
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Definition
1. social equity
2. environment
3. economy |
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Term
| 5/27 principles of rio declaration |
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Definition
-right to develoment+healthy envir
-eradicate poverty and decrease the disparities in standards of living
-conserve, protect, restore Earth's ecosystem
-develped countries have responsibilty to act
-internalize enviromental cost and conduct environmentl impacts assesments |
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Term
|
Definition
| UNITED NATIONS blueprint from implementin sustainable development |
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|
Term
| Critiques of sustainable development concept? |
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Definition
-whos in favor of "sustainablity"
-ambigious term
-being "green" can have intended side effects
-do local autorities have capacity to implement SD practive
-new way to maintain exisiting power relations |
|
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Term
| what did E.F. schumacher argue in his book small is beautiful |
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Definition
-quality of life vs quanity of growth
-work should be fullfilling, not drudgery
-rather than technology to improve efficiency+growth, use "intermediate technology" to improve quality of life
-decentralization |
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Term
| What can we do to solve environmental problems on individual level? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Sustainable practives implemented at cities |
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Definition
| green space, urban garden, renewable energy |
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Term
|
Definition
based on social equity and environmentl sustainablity
-renewable energy, green buildings, clean transportation, water management, waste management, land management |
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Term
population and scaricty:
environmental approaches-causes |
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Definition
| population mainly, but also affluence+technology interact in some combo to drive eclological degradation |
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Term
population and scaricty:
environmental approaches-solution |
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Definition
| slow population growth or reduce population |
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Term
population and scaricty:
environmental approaches-critiques |
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Definition
| it puts blame on woman and poor without looking at structural issues like politial economy |
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Term
Market environmentalism:
environmental apporaches-causes |
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Definition
| environmental problems are the result of market failure that do not internalize the cost of pollution and environmental degradation into the price of goods and services |
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Term
Market environmentalism:
environmental apporaches-solution |
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Definition
| to use market based intruments(cap+trade, taxes, green consumption) to internalize environmental costs |
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Term
Market environmentalism:
environmental apporaches-critiques |
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Definition
| Market approaches pay more attention to economic indicators than ecological or social indicators. Therefore if ofthen fails to solve the problem the most fair or equitable way |
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|
Term
Political economy:
environmental approaches-problem |
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Definition
environmental problems are an integrat part of capital cost
1st contradiction-in order to survive the system most keep expanding
2nd contradiction-capitalism undervalues nature+therefore deteriorates the environment which is an important source of production
Capitalism solves the problem through the spatial fix-finding new places to buy commodities and extract resources |
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Term
Political economy:
environmental approaches-solution |
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Definition
| find a new economic system such as socialism-controlled by workers control production+profit |
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Term
Political economy:
environmental approaches-critiques |
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Definition
| defers environmental action until after economic problems are solved |
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Term
Insitution and the commons:
environmental approaches-causes |
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Definition
| ecological degradation is the result of inappropiate rules+laws governing commons management |
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Term
Insitution and the commons:
environmental approaches-solution |
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Definition
| stronger rules, laws, institution will better protect environment |
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Term
Insitution and the commons:
environmental approaches-critiques |
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Definition
| uneven power relations-some have greater power in negotiating rules |
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