Term
| When isolated from CNS input, what is the enteric system still capable of? |
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Definition
| Coordinate basic reflexive functions of secretion, absorption, mixing, and movement from luminal contents |
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Term
| Auerbach's plexus is another name for what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Meissner's Plexus is another name for what? |
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Definition
| Submucosal Plexus of the Gut Wall |
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Term
| The Myenteric network extends through what structures? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The Submucosal Plexus travels through what structures? |
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Definition
| Small and Large Intestines |
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Term
| How are plexuses organized in the Enteric System? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What interconnects ganglia and plexuses? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What characterizes the axons of the Enteric System? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The Enteric System contains what kinds of cells also found specifically in the Central Nervous System? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Intrinsic Projection involeves what type of neurons? |
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Definition
| Intrinsic Primary Afferent Neurons (IPAN) |
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Term
| Projection is via which root? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What kind of ganglion are involved in nociceptive projection? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does SAC stand for and where are they found? |
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Definition
| Stretch Activated Channels, found in Smooth Muscle |
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Term
| What is the result of the activation of SACs? |
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Definition
| Induces depolarization and contraction of smooth muscle |
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Term
| Epithelial Cells in the GI tract respond to what kinds of signals? |
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Definition
| Luminal pH, inorganic acids, short chain fatty acids, toxins, etc. |
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Term
| How do intermediary epithelial cells in the GI respond to signals? |
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Definition
| Secretion of 5-HT (serotonin) which activates sensory cells |
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Term
| Sensory cells in the GI tract are Polymodal, meaning what? |
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Definition
| Respond to multiple stimuli types |
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Term
| Excitatory motoneurons in the GI use what neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Inhibitory motoneurons use what neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
| NO, ATP, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Pituitary Adenyle Cyclase Activating Peptide |
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Term
| How are muscle membrane potentials characterized in most GI muscle? |
|
Definition
| Slow waves of depolarization followed by hyperpolarization |
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|
Term
| What sort of depolarization is required for contraction of GI muscles? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the basis of depolarization/hyperpolarization waves in GI muscle cells? |
|
Definition
| Interactions with interstitial cells of Cajal |
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|
Term
| The pacemaker cells of the GI are known as what? |
|
Definition
| Interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Interposed between Motoneurons and Muscle |
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Term
| Excetions in exocrine glands and GI cells are dependent on water from where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Crypts of Lieberkuhn? |
|
Definition
| Enzymatic secretory glands found in the intestinal lining of the small intestine and colon |
|
|
Term
| Innervation of Crypts of Lieberkuhn causes the gland to secrete what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastric Acid secretion in the stomach is induced by what? |
|
Definition
| Actions of Secretomotor cells on Parietal Cells |
|
|
Term
| Describe the action of circular muscle transmitting a bolus of food in the GI tract |
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Definition
| Muscles above contract, muscle below relax, pushing the bolus down |
|
|
Term
| What is the response of IPANs to distension? |
|
Definition
| Activation of a chain of ascending and descending interneurons |
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|
Term
| Ascending neurons activated by IPAN perform what function? |
|
Definition
| Contacts excitatory motoneurons that induce contraction of circular muscle via ICC |
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|
Term
Descending neurons activated by IPAN perform what function?
|
|
Definition
Contacts inhibitory motoneurons that induce relaxation of circular muscle via ICC
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|
|
Term
| How do enteric neurons affect propulsive movements in the esophagus? |
|
Definition
| Synpapses on the motor end plate modulate synaptic activity of skeletal muscles controlled by somatic neurons |
|
|
Term
| What nerve innervation is responsible for expansion of the stomach? |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic Vagus Nerve |
|
|
Term
| While frequency of peristalsis is due to vagal imput, peristalsis amplitude is due to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretomotor activity is caused by what? |
|
Definition
| Distention and chemical stimulus due to food bolus |
|
|
Term
| What kind of interneurons activate secretomotor neurons? |
|
Definition
| Descending interneurons activated via IPAN |
|
|
Term
| Secretomotor neurons perform what function? |
|
Definition
| Induce vasodilation and CL- secretion into the lumen, inducing water movement into the lumen |
|
|
Term
| What is the result of noxious stimulus in the GI? |
|
Definition
| Activate IPAN, induces CL- secretion, causes massive fluid loss via diarrhea |
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|
Term
| What modulates strength and frequency of waves in the small and large intestines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lower esophageal is largely but not exclusively controlled by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| External Anal Sphincter is regulated by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Enteric Nervous System controls all sphincters except for what? |
|
Definition
| Lower Esophageal and External Anal Sphincter |
|
|
Term
| The Sphincter of Oddi serves what purpose and is controlled by what? |
|
Definition
| Controls the passage of bile from the gallbladder and pancreatic secretions into the duodenum, regulated by Enteric Nervous System |
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|
Term
| Preganglionic Parasympathetic cells via Vagus and Pelvic Nerve in the Enteric NS are what kind of neurotransmitter neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic cells in the Enteric NS are what kind of neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic stimuli in the enteric system generally induces what type of response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic secretion inhibitors and motility inhibitors are modulated by what? |
|
Definition
| Intestinofugal sensory neurons projecting into prevertebral ganglion |
|
|
Term
| What is the prevalent symptom in Hirschsprung's Disease? |
|
Definition
| Severe constipation among infants |
|
|
Term
| What causes Hirschsprung's Disease? |
|
Definition
| Mutation results in failure of neurons to develop in distal part of the bowel |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary treatment option of Hirschsprung's Disease? |
|
Definition
| Removal of affected part of the bowel |
|
|
Term
| What is the prevalent symptom of Irritable Bowel Syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Abdominal pain, altered bowel motility manifesting as constipation, diarrhea, or fluctuations between the two |
|
|
Term
| What causes irritable bowel syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Hyperactivity of sensory fibers |
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|
Term
| What is the most common treatment for Irritable Bowel Syndrome? |
|
Definition
| No effective treatment exists |
|
|
Term
| What causes Opoid Induced Dysfunction? |
|
Definition
| Numerous cell expression of opioid transmitters, decreasing cholinergic release by motorneurons with opioid receptors upon endogenous opioid release |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of opioid induced dysfunction? |
|
Definition
| Exogenous opioids such as morphine given for pain management results in inhibition of propulsion of bolus along intestines |
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