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| Italian scientist who built on the new theories of a sun-centered universe (helio-centric). Invented a telescope to study heavens in 1609. The Church disagreed with his findings and put him under house arrest for the remainder of his life. |
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| Polish cleric and astronomer who studied the heavens and believed that the sun was the center of the universe (helio-centric). He did not publish his findings until 1543, the last year of his life. |
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| English scientist who brought together the theory of motion. Law of universal gravitation applied to earth and space. |
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| The period between the early 1500s to early 1700s characterized by major advances in science, instruments, medicine, etc... |
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| The sun is the center of the universe meaning all planets revolve around it. |
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| Telescope, vaccinations, Boyle's Law (matter is built of smaller particles joined together in different ways). |
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| The Earth is the center of the Universe. |
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| the 3 things that the people based all of there thinking off of. |
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| Logical procedure for testing ideas. Begins with a problem or question arising from and observation. Hypothesis is formed, tested in an experiment, and the data is analyzed to form a conclusion. |
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| The people began to disregard the teachings of the Bible and followed the enlightened thinkers. |
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| They formed the scientific method. Bacon was English statesman and writer. Descartes was French mathematician. |
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| Galileo vs. Aristotle-Moon |
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| Aristotle's theory was that the moon was a pure substance and Galileo, using his telescope found it had craters. |
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| Criminal Rights. Abolition of cruel and unjust punishment. |
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| Philosopher who believed that people could learn from experience and improve themselves. He favored self-government in thinking that people could be reasonable and govern their own affairs instead of handing their rights over to a monarch. Natural Rights. Life, liberty, property. Fundamental to Declaration of Independence. |
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| French satirist who was imprisioned twice for targeting the government and clergy in his writing. Religious freedom, freedom of speech, tolerance and reason. Freedom of thought and expression. U.S. Bill of Rights. |
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| Thomas Hobbes- view on society |
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| Citizens should hand rights over to a single ruler because by nature men are selfish and their will be anarchy. Wrote Leviathan in response to the English Civil War. |
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| French writer who studied political liberty. Government should be held in check by it parts. System of checks and balances. Influenced U.S. 3 branches of government.Separation of powers. |
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| Committed to individual freedom. Civilization corrupted the good of people. Believed that the only good government was one freely formed by the people and guided by the general will of society (direct democracy). |
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| Women's equality and rights in Europe and North America. Essay called the vindication of the rights of women. |
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| Diderot & the Encyclopedia |
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| created a large set of books to which the leading scholars contributed articles and essays. 1751. The censors banned the work since they believed it encouraged revolt- moral corruption, irreligion, and unbelief. |
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| large drawing rooms/social gatherings where philosophers and work of other intellectuals was discussed. Wealthy women of Paris were the hostesses and the philosophers were the guests. |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| Document influenced by many great philosophes ideas. John Locke. |
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| Separation of powers. Montesquieu. Branches of government checked the power of other branches. |
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| French government. Social and political system in 1770s. Divided into three estates. |
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3rd- 97% of the population included the bourgeousie (craftsmen/bankers), peasants and working class. Embraced ideas of the Enlightenment.
2nd: Nobles held highest offices in gov't. and disagreed with the Enlightenment.
1st: Clergy church officials disagreed with the Enlightenment. |
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| Where the leaders of the three estates meet and make laws. The 1st and 2nd voted with each other leaving the 3rd on the losing end. |
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| The third estate suffers the most since they are taxed the heaviest. They make the food and produce the goods. |
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| French monarch married to Marie Antoinette who was unprepared to be king. Weak leader who overspent causing the country to go into debt. Beheaded. |
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| Wife of Louis XVI. Beheaded during the Reign of Terror. Spent lots of money and did not like her husband. Austrian princess disliked by the French citizens. |
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| france is in debtand the people are angered with Louis XVI. at war with Austria. |
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| Third estate broke into a tennis court and pledged to remain there until a new constitution was drawn up. Louis XVI stationed mercenary army around Versailles. Joined by some nobles and clergy who agreed with them. |
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| July 14th French citizens in Paris went to the Bastille in search of weapons/guns & ammo to use in defense. Bastille was a prison and the day became a national holiday. |
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man |
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| Based on the U.S. Declaration of Independence. Right to liberty, property, security and resistence to oppression. Slogan of leaders was: Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. |
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| Stripped the king of most of his authority and created the legislative assembly. Had the power to create laws and to approve/reject declarations of war. King had executive power (becomes a limited monarchy) |
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| Gained power with Jacobins to wipe out every trace of France's past. Changed the calendar by renaming months and changing number of months and days, closed all churches in Paris and in other cities and towns in France. |
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| Declaration of War on France |
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| The Austrians, Prussians wanted Louis XVI returned to power. France declares war on April 1792. |
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| The French victorious against Prussians and Austrians. Jacobin leaders had urged draft of French citizens age 18-40. |
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| Radical group who wanted the government to change. |
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| Moderate group. Allow king with limited power. |
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| Without knee-length pants. Regular trousers/workers. discovered ways to exert power on the streets of Paris. Parisian workers and small shop keepers. |
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| nobles and others who had fled France hoping to restore the old Regime. |
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