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| an argument attacking an individual's character rather than his or her position on an issue; personal attack |
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| the repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of consecutive lines or sentences; "We fight and we fight and we fight." |
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| the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers |
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| a concise statement that expresses succinctly a general truth or idea, often using rhyme or balance; "Misery loves company, and madness calls it forth." |
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| a figure of speech in which one directly addresses an absent or imaginary person, or some abstraction |
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| the highest point in the development of something; culmination or climax; Pi makes and 'offering' to Richard Parker, elevating him to godlike status |
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| A noun, noun phrase, or series of nouns placed next to another word or phrase to identify or rename it; "Mr. Kumar, my biology teacher." |
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| a construction in which elements are presented in a series without conjunctions; "I turned around, stepped over the zebra, and threw myself overboard." |
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| a statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed; "High calls low and low calls high." |
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| a fanciful, particularly clever extended metaphor |
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| the omission of a word or phrase which is grammatically necessary but can be deduced from the context; "Come people prefer cats; others, dogs." |
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| informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing; "Tell me." |
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| a sentence expressing strong feeling, usually punctuated with an exclamation mark; "Nothing could ever push me to return...nothing!" |
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| intentional exaggeration to create an effect |
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| the use of figures of speech to create vivid images that appeal to one of the senses; "Sprigs of black hair." |
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| The imperative is a grammatical mood that forms commands or requests, including the giving of prohibition or permission, or any other kind of exhortation; "We fight no matter the cost of the battle, the losses we take, the improbability of success." |
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| the use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning; or, incongruity between what is expected and what actually occurs; Calling Rama, a Hindu God, "no slouch." |
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| a type of understatement in which an idea is expressed by negating its opposite (describing a particularly horrific scene by saying, "It was not a pretty picture.") |
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| substituting the name of one object for another object closely associated with it ("The pen [writing] is mightier than the sword [war/fighting]") |
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| an apparently contradictory statement that actually contains some truth |
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| the use, for rhetorical effect, of more conjunctions that is necessary or natural |
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| a play on words, often achieved through the use of words with similar sounds but different meanings |
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| using one part of an object to represent the entire object (referring to a car simply as 'wheels') |
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| (or synaesthesia)describing one kind of snesation in terms of another ("a loud color" "a sweet sound.") |
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| a question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer; "Why would God wish that upon himself?" |
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