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| to win over logically, emotionally, or physically |
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| to persuade through reason |
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| the assumption or principle both sides agree to in order to conduct their argument |
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| unexamined belief, serves as basis for line of reasoning |
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| testing abstract asswertions by transplanting them into real world situations |
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| reasoning from premises to a conclusion |
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| the stated asumptions used as reasons in an argument |
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the pattern or reasoning from a premise to a conclusion
major premise: Socrates is a man
minor premise: all men are mortal
conclusion: Socrates is mortal |
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a syllogism with one premise left unstated
major premise: Socrates is a man
conclusion: Socrates is mortal
understood minor premise: All men are mortal |
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| logic that is valid and true |
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| when only one conclusion can and must follow from the premises |
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when each of the premises is verifiable or accepted as true by both parties
major premise: Socrates is a man
minor premise: all men are women
conclusion: Socrates is a woman |
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| a logically invalid conclusion |
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| when the conclusion does not logically follow from the premises or evidence |
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| disproving an argument by taking it to its inevitale and absurd conclusion |
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| the systematic elimination of counterarguments |
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| infers a single conclusion from a set of instances or examples |
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| data, examples, that support or demonstrate the truth of a premise |
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| provisionnal thesis to be tested by experiment or examination of evidence |
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| extended comparison between unlikes to clarify understanding |
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| support for an argument from an identified authority knowledgeable in the subject |
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| visual display of quantitative information |
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| premises or evidence upon which a claim is made |
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| the judgment or inference made about the evidence or grounds |
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| the underlying assumption(s) that enble the writer to make the claim about the grounds |
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| a warrant for the warrant |
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| the limitation placed upon the claim to make it more defensible |
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| refuting an objection or counterargument |
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| arranging Toulmin's erms syntactically and schematically to organize logical analysis of an argument |
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| non-rational modes of persuasion |
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| appeal to the reader's emothion, values, or beliefs in an argument |
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| the credibility of the writer over and above the logic of the argument itself |
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| the attitude of the reader or subject |
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| appeal to reason in argument |
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| using questionable or self-serving reasons to justify a position |
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| the personality of the writer implied by the text (may differ from the actual personality of the writer) |
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| ridiculing in order to correct or punish |
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| the opposite of what is said or written is what is meant |
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| extended metaphor using personification |
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conclusion does not follow from premises; almost all other fallacies are derivations from this basic fallacy
I'm not doing well in history because it's an afternoon class. |
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substitues temporal sequence for logical sequence
Last week, I washed my car. This week, it rained. If we need rain, all I have to do is wash my car. |
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assumes as proven what needs to be proven
How do I know Fox News is objective? Because the network's motto is "Fair and Balanced". |
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confuses similarity with causation
If you can play golf, you can play cricket. After all, they're both games. |
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leaves out intervening premises
The solution to the Iraq war isn't difficult: just leave. |
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draws conclusion based on inadequate sampling
Terry's always got a calculator with him. He must be an engineer. |
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attacks the person instead of the argument
"If they don't have the guts, I call them girlie men."
-Arnold Schwarzenegger |
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| correlation is not causation |
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confuses simultaneity for causation
When investing in the stock market, it's best to check the astrological signs. If they're positive, you'll make money. |
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confuses association with causation
Jazz musicians tend to drink a lot. Jeremy's a jazz musician, and probably a drunk, too. |
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confuses popularity with correctness
We need a law requiring a three-foot buffer betwen cyclists and cars. After all, other states already have such a law. |
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assumes that accepting part of an argument is to accept all possible consequences of the argument
If you try a little marijuana, the next thing you know, you're doing cocaine, and pretty so you're strung out on heroin. |
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| appeal to (false) authority |
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misuses the authority appealed to- no expertise in relevant area, out of date, etc.
I always check with my doctor when it comes to deciding whom to vote for. |
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| relevance of all details in the argument, directly or indirectly, to the thesis |
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| connection or transition between sentences and paragraphs |
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mechanincs of writing- repeated terms, linking sentences, etc.
Mary went to the store.
Mary has a nice soprano voice. |
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expectation and fulfillment pattern between sentences
Mary went to the store.
She bought some ice cream. |
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explicitly reveals causal connection between ideas in sentences
Mary went to the store.
People generally go to stores to buy things.
Therefore, Mary probably went to the store to buy something. |
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maintains consistent attitude towards reader or subject (topic)
Mary, the moron, went to the store to buy something, but the idiot forgot her mone, and so now she wants me to run down there and pay her bill. Forget it! |
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creates associative connections rather than relying purely on causal relationships
Mary is the rose of my heart. She is the blossom of my soul. |
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| pattern of reasoning in an argument or essay- technically the validity of a line of reasoning |
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| the evidence used to support the logic |
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| the attitude of the writer towards the reader or the subject |
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| appeal to the reder's emotion, values, or beliefs in an argument |
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| the credibility of the writer over and above the logic of the argument itself |
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the tension in an essay between its originality and its persuasiveness- the greater the originality, the more persuasive the argument must be, and vice-versa
a high quality paper will push originality as far as it can while still remaining persuasive |
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