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| OFFERING ONES PERSONAL VIEWS ON AN ISSUE OR ARGUMENT |
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| A RATIONAL PIECE OF DISCOURSE. WRITTEN OR SPOKEN, THAT ATTEMPTS TO PERSUADE THE READER OR LISTENER THE BELIEVE SOMETHING |
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A CONCLUSION ABOUT THE UNKNOWN MADE ON THE BASIS OF THE KNOWN
EXAMPLE: WE THE PERSON DRIVING A CAR WITH MANY DENTS IS A BAD DRIVER |
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INFORMATION THAT CAN BE VERIFIED
EXAMPLE: FORTY-ONE PERCENT OF CALIFORNIANS WHO DIE ARE CREAMTED- ALMOST TWICE THE NATIONAL AVERAGE OF 21 PERCENT |
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A JUDGEMENT IS ALSO AN INFERENCE, BUT A JUDGEMENT ALWAYS EXPRESSED THE WRITERS OR SPEAKERRS APPROVAL OR DISAPPROVAL
EXAMPLE:MATERIAL ON THE INTERNET SHOULD NO BE CENSORED BY THE GOVERNMENT |
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"TO SEE THE EXPRESSED IDEA AND ATTITUDE FROM THE OTHER PERSONS POINT OF VIEW, TO SENSE HOW IT FEELS TO HIM OR HER, TO ACHIEVE HIS FRAME OF REFERENCE IN REGARD TO THE THING HE OR SHE IS TALKING ABOUT"
EMPATHY FOR THE OTHER POINT OF VIEW |
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| RECOGNIZE THE MERIT OF THE COUNTERARGUMENT AND SO CONCEDE THAT POINT OR A FEATURE OF IT |
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| PRESENT A COUNTERARGUMENT AND THEN EXPLAIN WHY THIS POSITION IS FALSE, MISLEADING, IRRELEVANT, OR WEAK; DICREDIT IN A WELL REASONED WAY |
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Logical thinking that draws conclusions from facts and evidence
*RECOGNIZE VALID AND VALID ARGUMENTS
*LOOK FOR FALLACIES THAT DETRACT FROM THE ARGUMENT
* ASSESS SOURCES AND EVAULATE INFO
* ASK IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
* NOT WORKING ON ASSUMPTIONS |
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CLAIMS THAT AN ACTION SHOULD BE AVOIDED BECAUSE IT WILL LEAD TO A SERIES OF EXTREMELY UNDESIRABLE CONSEQUENCES
EX: WHAT SEEMS LIKE REASONABLE RESTRICTIONS ON GUNS WITH NO LEGITIMATE CIVILIAN PURPOSE WILL LEAD TO TOTAL PROHIBITION OF GUN OWNERSHIP |
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| MAKES AN ASSERTION THAT WILL INTIMIDATE THE AUDIENCE AND THEREFORE DISCOURAGE AN OPEN DISCUSSION |
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| CREATES AND THEN ATTACKS A DISTORTED VERSION OF THE OPPOSITIONS ARGUMENT |
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| ATTACKS THE PERSON REPRESENTING THE ARGUMENT |
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| GEREALIZES FROM A SAMPLE THAT IS TOO SMALL OR IN SOME OTHE WAY UNREPRESENTATIVE OF THE TARGET POPULATION |
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| GEREALIZES FROM A SAMPLE THAT IS TOO SMALL OR IN SOME OTHE WAY UNREPRESENTATIVE OF THE TARGET POPULATION |
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| COMPARES TWO OR MORE THINGS THAT ARE NOT IN ESSENCE SIMILAR AND SUGGESTS THAT SINCE THEY SHARE CERTAIN CHARACTERISTICS THEY SHARE OTHERS AS WELL |
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| PERSUASIVE BUT DOES NOT LOGICALLY SUPPORT ITS CONCLUSIONS |
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| OFFERS NO ACTUAL SUPPORT; MAY RESTATE AS A PREMINE THE CONCLUSION IN OTHER WORDS |
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| APPEAL TO AUTHORITY, PITY, SNOB APPEAL, APPEAL TO FEAR, |
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| JUDGES AND LABELS THE SAME ACT DIFFERNETLY DEPENDING ON THE PERSON OR GROUP WHO PERFORMS THE ACT |
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THE CONCLUSION WILL FOLLOW BY NECESSITY FROM THE PREMISES IF THE METHOD OF REASONING IS VALID
1. ALL MEN ARE MORTAL
2. SOCRATES IS A MAN
* SOCRATES IS MORTAL
GENERAL TO SPECIFIC |
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SPECIFIC TO GENERAL.
USUALLY MOVES FROM A GENERALIZATION TO A PARTICULAR, SPECIFIC INSTANCE OR EXAMPLE THAT FITS THE GENERALIZATION
P. 173 |
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CONCLUSION
SAMPLE
PROJECTED PROPERTY
TARGET POPULATION |
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