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Definition
| -Irrelevant topic presented to divert attention from the main issue |
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Definition
-Attacking/insulting opponent rather than addressing their reasoning
-Ex: name calling
-Fallacy of emotion |
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| Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc |
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Definition
-Assuming that events that follow in time have a causal relationship
-Ex: I took Vitamin C and my cold went away.
-Fallacy of logic |
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Definition
| -Trying to win support by exploiting opponent's feelings of guilt/pity (argumentum ad misericordiam) |
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-Since majority of people believe something you should too
-ex: 85% purchase PC over Mac
-Fallacy of emotion |
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| Circular Reasoning/begging the question |
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Definition
Claim is restated and passed
off as evidence, thus your logic goes in a circle
Ex: Politicians are inherently dishonest because no honest person would run for office |
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Definition
| -A person is (claimed to be) and authority on a subject, so if the person makes a claim about the subject, then the claim is true |
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Definition
-1 thing will inevitably cause something else to happen
-Fallacy of logic |
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Definition
| -Desire to secure an outcome not by rhetorical power but by sheer physical domination |
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Definition
-Premises are believable, warranted, justified
-Consider all relevant info
-Valid/correct reasoning |
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Definition
| charging your accuser with whatever it is you've just been accused of rather than refuting the truth of the accusation |
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Definition
-Exaggerates people/groups by representing them as extreme/divisive
-Ex: all feminists hate men
-Fallacy of emotion |
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Term
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Definition
-Sets up another's position in a way that makes it easy to reject, exaggeration of position
-Ex: environmentalists won't be satisfied until every car is off the road.
-Fallacy of emotion |
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Definition
-Something is correct or acceptable because that’s how it’s always been done.
-Ex: There's always been a lottery
-Fallacy of emotion |
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Term
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Definition
-Create fear in your audience as a substitute for reasoning.
Ex: You need to go to college or you'll end up working at McDonald's.
-Fallacy of emotion |
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Term
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Definition
-Suggesting there's only 2 choices in complex situations
-Ex: Either we get the terrorists or the terrorists get us,
-Fallacy of logic |
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Term
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Definition
-Compare 2 dissimilar things
-Ex: Feminism is cancer
-Fallacy of logic |
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Term
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Definition
-Draws conclusion based on too small of a sample size
-Ex: generalizing all French people based on one mean French person
-Fallacy of logic |
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Term
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Definition
-Something that doesn't follow premises
-Ex: going from point A to B to D
-Fallacy of logic |
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Term
| Oversimplification (Dicto Simpliciter) |
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Definition
-Reduces number of causes for something with many causes
-Fallacy of logic |
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Term
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Definition
-Using plausible sounding but usually
false reasons to justify a particular
position that is held on less
respectable grounds.
-Basically excuses and weak
explanations for behavior. These
excuses often avoid actual causes.
-Ex: I never do well on tests because I have anxiety. |
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Term
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Definition
| Faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion |
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Term
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Definition
-Refers to personal character of the speaker
-Companies try to build ethos thru slogans (ex: Just do it) |
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Term
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Definition
| -Logic/facts to make the argument |
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Term
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Definition
-Appeal to emotions
-Can be divisive rather than progressive
-Humor: audience at ease, more open to you, suspend judgements, can sometimes go wrong/become ridicule |
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Definition
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Definition
| Lay down principles as incontrovertibly true/stuck in your opinion |
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Term
| For rhetorical analysis, consider... |
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Definition
-Purpose
-Audience
-Genre
-Facts/reasoning/evidence/appeals used
-Claims made
-Issues raised and ignored
-Social/political/historical/cultural context
-Whose interest does it serve
-Who gains/loses by it? |
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Term
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Definition
-Sentence length, alliteration, parallelism can give sentences remarkable power
-Readers judge credibility partially based on how stylishly the case is made |
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Term
| 3 Elements that Contribute to Positive Ethos |
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Definition
-Trustworthiness/credibility
-Authority/knowledge/expertise
-Unselfish/clear motives |
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Term
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Definition
Appeals to reason/common sense
(part of Logos) |
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Term
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Definition
Uses facts/stats/testimonials/documents
(part of Logos) |
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Term
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Definition
| Seek out info/data that fits with your beliefs and ignore the opposing data |
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Term
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Definition
-Leads people to confirm what they already believe, while ignoring contrary data.
-Drives people to develop elaborate rationalizations to justify holding beliefs that logic and evidence have shown to be wrong.
-Way to avoid/lesson cognitive dissonance |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental stress/discomfort experienced when someone is confronted by new info that conflicts with existing beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| Teaching a person or group to accept a set of beliefs uncritically. |
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Term
| Relationship between information, knowledge, and belief |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -We try to reorganize/accommodate our opinions when there's cognitive dissonance |
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Definition
| It's unnatural for people to think rationally (ex: artificial intelligence) |
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Term
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Definition
-If everyone else believes something, it's easier for you to believe it too (indoctrination)
-Beauty in media and slavery examples |
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Term
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Definition
-"Example has more followers than reason."
-Powerful individuals have strong influence
-Children easier to influence
-Rational thought takes longer to develop |
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Term
| All Evidence to the Contrary |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-4 question, pre-writing process developed in ancient Greece by Aristotle and Hermagoras
-Asks writers to investigate/determine: the facts, meaning/nature of the issue, seriousness of the issue, and the plan of action
-Achieving stasis means that parties involved have reached consensus on the info and conclusions in 1 or more of the stases |
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Term
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Definition
Exordium: hook
Narration: background
Partition: thesis
Confirmation: Proof/evidence
Refutation: how opposing sides are addressed
Peroration: conclusion/counterargument |
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Term
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Definition
-Try to prove the other person wrong
-Not really acknowledging the other's points
-Sees opponent as adversary/ confrontational |
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Definition
-Fully understand opposing views
-Be respectful
-Acknowledge opponent's good points |
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Term
| The Crazy State of Psychiatry |
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Definition
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Term
| Commencement Speech at Kenyon College |
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Definition
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Term
| Why Do Many Reasonable People Doubt Science |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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| Debate: Is Religion a Force of Good in the World? |
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Definition
| Tony Blair and Christopher Hitchens |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn |
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| Death and Life in Maryland |
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Definition
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| Planned Parenthood Means Fewer Abortions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Reasons that constitute the argument's premise, are debatable |
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Term
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Definition
Statement in an argument that
provides reason or support for the conclusion |
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Term
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Definition
-Have conclusions that go beyond what's contained in its premises
-Ex: My car has started every day since I bought it. It started on Monday and Tuesday, so it must start on Wednesday. |
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Term
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Definition
-If A, then B. A. Therefore, B.
-Ex: If it's raining, the streets will be wet. It's raining. So the streets are wet. |
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Term
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Definition
Method of reasoning
Involves data, claim, warrant |
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Term
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Definition
| Beliefs/assumptions that the writer hopes the audience shares with them |
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Term
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Definition
Word/phrase added after a noun to qualify its meaning
Ex: Often, perhaps, in some cases, for the most part, one might argue, in general |
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Term
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Definition
Awareness of one's biases, prejudices, and ignorance
Ex: Many western people consider their ways of life superior to non-Western ways of life. These biases affect their understanding of social sciences, arts, humanities. |
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Term
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Definition
| -Thinking for oneself, not being dependent on others for the direction/control of one's thinking |
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Term
| Intellectual Perseverance |
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Definition
-Ability to work your way through intellectual complexities despite the frustration inherent in the task
-Ex: many students learn to avoid things that seem too difficult, "math is too hard." |
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