Term
What are endocrine glands?
List examples |
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Definition
ductless glands that release hormones into the blood stream
pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands |
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Term
| Are hormones secreting cells endocrine glands? |
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Definition
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Definition
When the action of one hormone is inhibited by another hormone
ex. Insulin stimulates glucose uptake.
Glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown (glucose release) |
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Definition
When the action of one hormone enhances the responsiveness of the target organ to a second hormone.
ex. Estrogen induces formation of receptors of progeseterone. |
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Definition
-the time required for the plasma concentration of a given hormone to be reduced to half of its level
-ranges from minutes to hours to days |
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| How are hormones removed? |
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Definition
-do not accumulate in the blood
-removed rapidly by their target organ and the liver |
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Term
| Pharmacological Concentration |
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Definition
| A concentration of the hormone which is higher than normal as when taken as a drug; effects may be different than those produced by physiological concentrations |
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Term
| Physiological Concentration |
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Definition
| the normal concentration range of the hormone in the body which produces normal tissue responses |
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| What does the concentration of the hormone in the blood reflect? |
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Definition
| the rate of the hormone's secretion by the gland |
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Term
| How does a prohormone become active? |
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Definition
| A piece of the longer chain is removed from the prohormone to form the active version |
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Definition
| the inactive form of a hormone |
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Term
| What is the classification of hormones based on? |
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Definition
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Definition
a protein molecule that binds with a hormone in a complementary fashion (lock and key); target cells have receptors that recognize and bind with a specific hormone
-target cells have 2,000- 100,000 receptors for a specific hormone |
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Term
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Definition
Tissue cells which are influenced by the binding of a specific hormone to a receptor
ex. Insulin hormones bind to receptors on liver cells |
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Term
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Definition
-a molecule that is either a steroid based, or an amino acid based molecule
-secreted by endocrine glands and cells of various glands
-travel in blood stream to target cell where it acts as a chemical messenger to regulate specific body functions |
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| 2 Mechanisms of Hormone Receptor Binding |
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Definition
1. Direct Gene Activation
2. Second Messenger System |
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Definition
When 2 or more hormones work together to produce an additive response
ex. NE and E together produce an increase in cardiac rate |
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| What is a target tissue responsive to? |
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Definition
1. Concentration of a hormone
2. Effects of other hormones |
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Term
| Major Processes Controlled by Hormones |
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Definition
1. Reproduction
2. Growth and Development
3. Mobilization of Body Defenses against Stressors
4. Maintenance of Electrolytes, Water, and Nutrienet Balance of the Blood
5. Regulation of Cellular Metabolism and Energy Balance |
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Term
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Definition
1. Hormone binds to receptor on plasma membrane.
2. Formation of 2nd messenger molecule within cell that activates specific enzymes
3. Enzymes catalyze reaction
Typical of amino acid based molecules |
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Definition
1. Hormone enters cell and binds to receptor in the nucleus
2. Binds to DNA which leads to the formation of specific proteins
3. New proteins alter cell's activity
Typical of a steroid based molecule |
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Term
| Control of Hormone Secretions |
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Definition
1. Negative Feedback System- reverses the original stimulus
2. Positive Feedback System- effects stimulate more effects |
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Term
| What serves as the link between the nervous system and the endocrine system? |
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Definition
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| Different Kinds of Hormones |
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Definition
1. Amines
2. Polypeptides and Proteins
3. Glycoproteins
4. Steroids |
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Term
| How is the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
| Infundibulum (anterior and posterior lobes) |
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Term
| Hypothalamic-Pituitary Portal System |
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Definition
Hypothalamus and Anterior Lobe Vascular Connection
Hormones in hypothalamus --> capillary bed --> portal vein
anterior lobe (capillary bed) |
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Term
| Hypothalamic- Pituitary Tract System |
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Definition
Hypothalamus and Posterior Lobe- Neural Connection
Hormones in Hypothalamus --> posterior lobe via neuron axon
stored and released later |
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Term
Gonatropin Releasing Hormone
GnRH |
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Definition
| Stimulates anterior lobe to secrete Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) |
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Term
Thyroid Releasing Hormone
TRH |
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Definition
| Stimulates anterior lobe to secrete TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) |
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Term
Prolactin Releasing Hormone
PRH |
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Definition
| Stimulates anterior lobe to secrete Prolactin (PRL) |
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Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
GHRH |
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Definition
| Stimulates anterior lobe to secrete Growth Hormone (GH) |
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Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone
CRH |
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Definition
| Stimulates Anterior Lobe to Secrete Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) |
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Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone
PIH |
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Definition
| Inhibits Prolactin (PRL) secretion from anterior lobe |
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Term
Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone
GHIH/ Somatostatin |
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Definition
| Inhibits Growth Hormone (GH) secretion from anterior lobe |
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