Term
| What is the cause of hyperthyroidism and what is the name of the disease? |
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Definition
| Grave's Disease. Autoimmune disease in in which an immunoglobulin binds to the TSH binding site and causes excessive thyroid hormone production. TSH levels are suppressed. |
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Term
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Definition
| GD is treated by reducing thyroid hormone using antithyroid drugs or by reducing the amount of thyroid tissue with radioiodine (131I) or by subtotal thyroidectomy. |
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Term
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Definition
| all reducing oxidation and organification of iodide. reduce thyroid antibody levels by mechanisms that remain unclear. Propylthiouracil inhibits deiodination of T4 to T3. |
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Term
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Definition
| causes progressive destruction ot thyroid cells and can be used as initial treatment or for relapses after a trial of antithyroid drugs. |
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Term
| Clinical Symptoms and signs |
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Definition
| goiter, tachycardia, warm, nervousness, increased activity, increased sweating, hypersensitivity to heat, fatigua, weight loss, insomnia, weakness, frequent bowel movements (diarrhea). |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs and symptoms of Graves Disease |
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Definition
| goiter, tachycardia, warm, nervousness, increased activity, increased sweating, hypersensititity, fatigue, weight loss, insomnia, weakness, frequent bowel movements. Infiltrative ophthalmopathy is characterized by increased retro-orbital tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacterial infection: streptococus, enterobacter. Fungal infection: Candida. Radiation thyroiditis after 131 I treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| viral thyroiditis, de quervains thyroiditis, silent thyroiditis. |
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Term
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Definition
| autoimmunity: focal thyroiditis, hashimotos thyroiditis, atrophic thyroiditis. |
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Term
| What viruses have been implicated with subacute thyroidits? |
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Definition
| Mumps, coxsackie, influenza, De Quervain's Thyroiditis. |
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Term
| What is the pathophysiology of subacute thyroiditis? |
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Definition
| thyroid gland generally swells rapidly and is very painful and tender. gland secretes TH and patient becomes hyperthyroid. gland quits taking up iodine and the hyperthyroidism generally resolves over the next several weeks. |
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Term
| Clinical Sign and Symptoms of de Quervains thyroiditis |
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Definition
| frequently become ill with fever. thyroid antibodies are not present in blood, but sedimentation rate, which measures inflammation, is very high. |
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Term
| Treatment of de Quervains Treatment |
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Definition
| usually bed rest and aspirin to reduce inflammation. occasionally cortisone (steroids)(to reduce inflammation) and thyroid hormone may be used in prolonged cases. nearly all recover after several weeks. |
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Term
| What are the characterisitcs of silent thyroiditis? |
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Definition
| rigidity and slight enlargement and pain of thyroid gland. postpartum silent often happens. |
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Term
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Definition
| is mother has TSH-recepter blocking antibodies or has received anti thyroid drugs, leads to congenital hypothyroidism. due to thyroid gland digenesis in 80-85%. |
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Term
| Clinical Manifestations of congenital hypothyroidism |
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Definition
| majority of infants appear normal at birth appear normal, <10% are diagnosed based on clinical features hypotonia, enlarged tongue, delayed bone maturation, importantly, permanent neurologic damage results if treatment is delayed. |
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Term
| How do people diagnose hpothroidism? |
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Definition
| Small sample of blood collected from the newborn and sent for testing. one of the screening tests performed is a measurement of T4. If the T4 is low it could be a sign of hypothyroidism and further testing is done. |
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Term
| Autoimmune hypothyroidism (Hashimotos Thyroiditis) |
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Definition
| may be associated with a goiter. The autoimmune process gradually reduces thyroid functiton, free T4 levels fall and TSH levels rise further. It is more women than men (8:1) between 30 and 50. |
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Term
| What is the pathogenesis of Hashimotos thyroiditis? |
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Definition
| Marked lymphocytic infilration of the thyroid with germinal center formation, atrophy of the thyroid follicles, absence of colloid. CD4 and CD8, and B cells. |
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Term
| What is the primary cell that destroys the thyroid in Hashimotos thyroiditis? |
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Definition
| CD8 cytotoxic cells. local T cell production of cytokines (TNF), IL-1, and interferon gama may lead to death receptors. |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs and symptoms of Hashimotos Thyroiditis? |
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Definition
| goiter may not be large but irregular, skin is dry, decreased sweating, puffy face, nail groth reatded, hair is dry, constipation, weight gain, decreased libido, decreased metabolic rae, decrased heat production, decreased cadriac output, hypoventilation, mental slowness. |
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Term
| What is the treament of Hashimotos thyroiditis. |
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Definition
| Lifelong replacement with thyroid hormone to correct and prevent hypothyroidism. |
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Term
| What are the relative levels of TSH and T4 in hashimotos thyroiditis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 major types of thyroid cancer? |
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Definition
| papillary, follicular, medullary, anaplastic |
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Term
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Definition
| Papillary tumors develop in cells that produce thyroid hormones containing iodine. gro very slowly from mushroom-shaped patterns. usually treatable. 60% |
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Term
| Follicular Thyroid Tumors |
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Definition
| develop in iodine-containing cells. have a capsule. many can be cured. 17% |
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Term
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Definition
| Thyroid Cells, that produce a hormone that does not contain iodine. harder to control. tend to spread to other parts of the body. 5%. |
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Term
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Definition
| are fastest growing thyroid tumors. Cancer cells, which are extremely abnormal, spread to other parts of the body. 18% of all thyroid cancers. Age. Sex. |
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Term
| What is the typical treatment of Anaplastic tumors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes Euthyroiid Goiter? |
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Definition
| inadequeate dietary intake of iodine, called endemic goiter. |
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Term
| Clinical Signs and Symptoms of EUthyroid Goiter |
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Definition
| elargement of the thyroid gland. T4 and T3 decreased. diagnosis gdepends on the presence of soft, symmetric smooth goiter. |
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Term
| What is the treatment of Euthyroid Goiter? |
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Definition
| Iodine is given. If the goiters are very large then surgery may be needed to reduce respiratory interference. |
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