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| What do PP cells secrete? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are the dark staining cells of the pancreas arranged and what do they secrete? |
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Definition
| Acini (sac like glands with ducts). enzymes for the digestive system. |
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Definition
| two peptide chains. A chain with 21 AA and B chain with 30 AA. conneced via disulfide bridge. |
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Definition
| located on short arm of chromosome 11. Perproinsulin from mRNA in roughER of B cells. converts to proinsulin immediately. Golgi apparatus converts to insulin with cathrin. |
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Term
| 3 actions of insulin on global human metabolism level |
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Definition
| 1. control of cellular intake of certain substances, most prominently glucose in muscvle and adipose tissue.2. DNA replication and protein synthesis via control of amino acid uptake. 3. Modification of the activity of numerous enzymes. |
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Term
| Actions of Insulin on cells |
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Definition
| 1. Increased glycogen synthesis 2. Increased fatty acid synthesis 3. Decreased proteinolysis 4. Decreased lipolysis 5. Decreased gluconeogenesis 6. Increased Amino Acid Uptake 7. Incrased Potassium Uptake 8. Arterial Muscle tone |
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Term
| Control of Insulin Secretion |
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Definition
| Secreted in response to elevated blood concentrations of glucose. also neural stimuli (sight and taste of food). incresaed blood AA and fatty acids |
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| Mechanism of Insulin Secretion |
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Definition
| 1. Glucose transported into B cell by facilitated diffusion through transporter 2. Elevated concentrations of glucose leads to membrane depolarization and influx of extracellular calcium. 3. Increased levels of glucose activates calcium-independent pathways that participate in insulin secretion. |
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Term
| What is the regulatory action on blood glucose? |
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Definition
| 1. Glucose enters beta cells through GLUT2 2. Glucose goes into glycolysis and respiratory cycle where AT are produced by oxidation. 3. Dependent on blood glucose levels and ATP levels. K+ channels close and membrane depolarize 4. Depolarization Ca2+ enters cell 5. Ca2+ activates phospholipase C. 6.Increased Calcium releases synthesized insulin 7. regulates expression of insulin gene via CREB |
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| Insuline Effects on Liver |
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Definition
| 1. Inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis 2. Promotes synthesis and storage and inhibits glycogen breakdown. |
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| Insulins effects on muscle |
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Definition
| promotes protein synthesis in muscle by increasing amino acid transport |
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| Insulin effects on Adipose tissue |
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Definition
| Fat in form of triglycerides. Induces production of lipoprotein lipase. Insulin inhibits intracellular lipolysis of stored triglycerides by inhibiting intracellular lipase. |
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Term
| What substances can stimulate insulin release? |
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Definition
| Amino Acids. Acetylcholine through through phospholipase C. cholecystokinin through adenylate cyclase. |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in parasympathetic activity in response to food in GI tract. |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System action on Insulin |
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Definition
| inhibits the release of insulin via a2 adrenergic agonists like norepinephrine. |
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Definition
| reducing blood glucose to a low level will impair function of CNS. may result in a hypoglycemic coma. |
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| Etiology of Hypoglycemic Coma |
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Definition
| Oral hypoglycemic agents (sulfonylureas, that induce insulin release). External Insulin. Ingestion of low-carbohydrate sugar substitutes. |
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Term
| Clinical Signs and symptoms hypoglycemic coma |
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Definition
| Dizziness, speech problems, even loss of consciousness. known as hypoglycemia. |
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Term
| Causes of Type 2 diabetes |
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Definition
| multifactorial, with combined influence of genetic susceptibility and influence of environmental factors: obesity, age, physical inactivity. |
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Term
| Insulinoma (reactive hypoglycemia) |
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Definition
| tumor of pancreas derived from beta cells retaining ability to synthesize and secrete insulin is autonomous of the normal feedback mechanisms. |
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Term
| Metabolic Syndrome (prediabetes) |
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Definition
| precondition. Elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia (disturbance in blood cholesterol). Insulin resistance, dimished capacity for insulin response in tissues. Untreated can lead to morbidities, like hypertension, obesity, Type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. |
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Term
| Polycystic Ovary Syndrome |
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Definition
| insulin resistance is often presented with this disease. |
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Term
| Can insulin be taken orally? |
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Definition
| No it gets digested to amino acid components. Insulin is usually taken as subcutaneous injections. |
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Term
| What cells produce glucagon? |
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Definition
| A cells in the langerhans islets of the pancreas. |
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Term
| What molecule inhibits the release of glucagon? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most numerous cell type in the pancreatic islets? |
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Definition
| A cells of the islets of Langerhans are the site of glucagon synthesis. |
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Term
| What is the precursor molecule to glucagon? |
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Definition
| Proglucagon is a large precursor molecule. It is cleaved from proglucagon and is packaged in secretory granules, and is released from the A cell by exocytosis and then secreted into the portal circulation. |
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Term
| What is glucagon's action on the liver? |
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Definition
| Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis |
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Term
| What intracellular molecule is produced when glucagon binds to its receptor? |
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Definition
| cAMP, which is produced from activation of adenylyl cyclase, which promotes and stimulates gluconeogenesis. |
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Term
| Glucagon promotes hepatic output of ketone bodies from what precursor? |
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Definition
| fatty acids (ketogenesis) |
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Term
| What molecule is produced from D cells of langerhans islets? |
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Definition
| Somatostatin, is inhibitor of release of insulin from pancreatic B cells and glucagon from A cells. |
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Term
| Pancreatic Polypeptide production location |
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Definition
| produced by PP cells located in islets in posterior protion of the head of the pancreas. |
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