Term
|
Definition
| secrets digestive enzymes and releases insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| regulates temp, fluid volume and growth |
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| necessary for the proper functioning of the thyroid |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a counter regulatory hormone |
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Term
|
Definition
| increases calcium blood levels |
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Term
|
Definition
| reduces excess calcium in the blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| produces hormones known as catecholamine's |
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Term
| Disorders of the anterior pituitary gland |
|
Definition
1. Hyperpituitarism
2. prolactinemia
3. Giantism
4. Acromegaly
5. Hypopitutuitarism
6. Dwarfism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hyperfunction of the pituitary gland |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| excess secretion of GH before puberty and the closure of the epiphyseal plates |
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Term
|
Definition
| enlargement of bones and connectiv tissues |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| hypofunction of the anterior pituitary gland |
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Term
|
Definition
| inadequate production of GH during childhood |
|
|
Term
| disorders of the posterior pituitary |
|
Definition
1. Diabetes insipidus
2. SIADH |
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Term
|
Definition
| results from ADH (vasopressin) insufficiency. |
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|
Term
| diabetes insipidus causes: |
|
Definition
| massive dieresis, dehydration and thirst |
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|
Term
| s/s of diabetes insipidus |
|
Definition
| malaise, lethargy, irritibility |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone) Excess production of ADH |
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Term
|
Definition
| HTN, hyponatremia, water retention, weakness, muscle cramps, anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, weight gain and edema |
|
|
Term
| Disorders of the adrenal gland |
|
Definition
1. Cushing's syndrome
2. addison's disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| adrenal hyperfunction/ adrenal cortex produces excessive amounts of the hormone cortisol |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| truncal obesity, protein wasting, facial fullness, purple striae on abd, osteoporosis, hypokalemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adrenal hypofunction; adrenal cortex insufficiency |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diseases of the adrenal medulla |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a benign tumor which erratically produces excessive amounts of catecholamines which stimulates the sympathetic nervous system |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| classic HTN, severe pounding headache, diaphoresis |
|
|
Term
| Diseases of the thyroid gland |
|
Definition
1. hyperthyroidism
2. graves disease
3. thyrotoxic crisis (thyroid storm)
4. hypothyroidism
5. myxedema
6. cretinism
7. goiter
8. thyroid cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excess production of the thyroid hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| early wt loss, nervousness, restlessness, irritable behavior, sleep disturbances, poor tolerance to heat and excessive perspiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| autoimmune disorder, increased production of TH results in a characteristic enlargement of the thyroid gland |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| (thyroid storm); an estrem state of hyperthyroidism |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| dangerous tachycardia and hyperthermia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thyroid gland produces an insufficient amount of TH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| swelling of lips, dry/thick skin, wt gain with decreased intake, lethargy, forgetfulness,intolerance to cold, slow pulse, irritable |
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Term
|
Definition
| facial edema that develops with severe, longterm hypothyroidism |
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Term
|
Definition
| hypothyroidism during infancy; if not treated, may lead to permanent retardation of physical and mental development |
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Term
|
Definition
| when TH production decreases, the thyroid gland enlarges in an attempt to produce more hormone |
|
|
Term
| disorders of the parathyroid glands |
|
Definition
1. hyperparathyroidism
2. hypoparathyroidism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)= regulates normal serum levels of calcium |
|
|
Term
| s/s of hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
| weakness, lethargy, depression, anorexia, increased calcium, decreased phosporus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| inadequate secretion of PTH; causes hypocalcemia and an elevated blood phosphate level |
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|
Term
| s/s of hypoparathyroidism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| due to an insufficient supply of insulin, ineffective insulin action or both |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Type 1: results from an autoimmune response; destroys beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. End result is that insulin is no longer produced
Type 2: due to insufficient insulin production and insulin resistance |
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|
Term
| Acute complications of DM |
|
Definition
1. acute hypoglycemia
2. diabetic ketoacidosis
3. hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNKS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a dangerous drop in blood glucose secondary to taking too much insulin, not eating enough food or not eating at the right time, and an inconsistent pattern of exercise |
|
|
Term
| diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) |
|
Definition
1. occurs in type 1 diabetes
2. characterized by hyperglycemia, dehydration and coma
3. early s/s: anorexia, headache, and fatigue
4. As progresses, the classic symptoms of poldipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia develop
5. If goes untreated, pt becomes dehydrated, weak and lethargic with abd pain, n/v, fruity breah, increased respiration, tachycardia, blurred vision, and hypothermia
6. Late signs: kussmaul's respirations which are rapid and deep. Formation of ketones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(hyperglycemic hyperosmoler Nonketotic syndrome); occurs in type 2 diabetes.
2. characterized by severely elevated blood glucose levels (>600), extreme dehydration and an altered LOC.
3. There is no evidence of elevated ketones |
|
|
Term
| chronic complications of DM |
|
Definition
1. microvascular
2. macrovascular
3. neuropathic
4. hypoglycemic unawareness
5. foot complications of DM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atherosclerotic plaque, atherosclerosis affecting the peripheral, carotid, cerebral and coronary blood supply. Other risk factors include central obesity, hyperlipidemia, HTN, genetics, sedentary lifestyle and smoking |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hypoglycemic unawareness: |
|
Definition
| the usual symptoms of tachycardia, palpitations, tremor, sweating, and nervousness may be absent. Without this "early warning system" the pt may have changes in teh mental status as the first sign of hypoglycemia |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| mechanical irritation, thermal injury, chemical irritation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the blood glucose falls to <45-50 mg/dl. May occur if there are abnormalities in these regulators: insulin levels, available glucagon, and the secretion of catecholamines, GH, and cortisol. |
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Term
|
Definition
| protrusion of the eyeballs associated with hyperthyroidism |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| spasm of the facial muscle when the facial nerve is tapped. Indicative of hypocalemia |
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Term
|
Definition
| a closure of the larnyx that blocks the passage of air to the lungs |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| muscle twitching, cramps, seizures: associated with calcium defiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upper arm compression causes carpal spasm. Latent stage of tetany |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| internally produced or caused by internal factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developed outside the organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pathologic changes in teh peripheral nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease of the retina that can result in loss of vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excessive development of breasts in males |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excessive facial hair growth in woman |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| nocturnal hypoglycemia rebound that causes high glucose in the morning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an increase in the blood sugar in the morning and is typically invoked in the context of diabetes. It is different from Chronic Somogyi rebound in that dawn effect is not associated with nocturnal hypoglycemia |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of oral hypoglycemia agents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Target blood fat levels for people with diabetes |
|
Definition
1. Total cholesterol: below 200
2. LDL cholesterol (lethal): below 100
3. HDL cholesterol (healthy): above 40 (men); above 50 (women)
4. triglycerides: below 150 |
|
|
Term
| hyperpituitarism:Hormone Involved |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hyperpituitarism (anterior pituitary): S/S |
|
Definition
1. Gigantism
2. Acromegaly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. before growth plates close
2. growth up to 8 ft, and wt of over 300 lbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. after growth plates close
2. Appears in 40s or 50s
3. bones get thicker and wider, HA, visual problems, enlargement of hands and feet, enlarged tongue/liver/spleen; |
|
|
Term
| hyperpituitarism diagonsis: |
|
Definition
1. GH and prolactn levels checked
2. Acromegaly: glucose tolerance tet. Glucose remains unchanged. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. treats hyperpituitarism
2. given 3x a wk SQ
3. suppresses insulin secretion
4. Accuchecks must be monitored
5. monitor BP and wt for fluid retention |
|
|
Term
| treatment for hyperpituitarism |
|
Definition
1. sandostalin
2. somavert |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a GH receptor antagonist, used after radiotherapy |
|
|
Term
| hypopituitarism (anterior pituitary): Hormone involved |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dwarfism: max ht that is 40% below normal |
|
|
Term
| diagnosis of hypopituitarism |
|
Definition
1. CT scans
2. GH levels
3. Health History
4. assessment
5. cerebral angiography |
|
|
Term
| treatment for hypopituitarism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diabetes insipidus: Hormones involved |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diagnosing diabetes insipidus: |
|
Definition
| inital diagnosis is based on 24 hr urine output of greater than 4 liters, without food or fluid restrictions. Health hx, exam and lab findings, patient may have had recent surgery, infection, injury of med ingestion. |
|
|
Term
| treatment: Diabetes insipidus |
|
Definition
control s/s of disease and reverse cause of the syndrome.
Vasopressors to maintain B/P
Hormone replacement therapy (DDAVP)
Iv fluids, soium restrictions and thiazide diuretic |
|
|
Term
| SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone): Hormone involved |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. water retention
2. increased b/p
3. hyponateremia
4. weakness
5.muscle cramps
6. anorexia
7. nausea and diarrhea
8. irritability
9. HA
10. wt gain without edema
11. decreased LOC leading to seizures and coma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aimed at the cause.
fluid restriction
strict I&O
Teaching important |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. serum and urine electrolytes and osmolality
2. urine osmolality is much higher than that of serum, indicating SIADH.
3. Serum is dilute and urine is concentrated. |
|
|
Term
| Adrenal hypofunction (Addison's disease): Hormones involved: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. elevated BUN
2. irritablity
3. anorexia
4. wt loss
5. N&V
6. metabolic acidosis
7. unexplained abd pain
8. malaise
9. decrease o loss of body, axillary and pubic hair |
|
|
Term
| addison's disease: diagnosis |
|
Definition
. Low serum and urine cortisol level
decreased fasting glucose
hyponatremia
hyperkalemia
24 hour steroid excretions test
serum ACTH levels |
|
|
Term
| addison's disease: treatment |
|
Definition
| replacement therapy of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids |
|
|
Term
| Acute Adrenal Crisis (addisonian Crisis): S/S |
|
Definition
| caused by sudden decrease in adrenal hormones: hypotension, tachycardia, dehydration, confusion, hyponatremia, hypecalcemia, hypoglycemia |
|
|
Term
| Acute Rental Crisis: Diagnosis |
|
Definition
CBC
BUN
plasma cortisol levels |
|
|
Term
| addisonian Crisis: TREATMENT |
|
Definition
| Intial dose of SoluCortef IV push followed by infusion over 8 hrs, hydrocortison IM every 12 hrs. After crisis is resolved; oral glucocorticoids are tapered |
|
|
Term
| Cushing's Disease (adrenal hypersecretion): hormones involved |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hallmark findings: trunk obesity, protein wasting, moon face, purple striae on abd, breasts, buttocks, or thighs; osteoporosis, hypokalemia, red face, HTN, excessive hair |
|
|
Term
| Cushing's disease: Diagnosis |
|
Definition
1. physical s/s
2. 24 hr urine for free cortisol levels
3. low dose dexamethasone suppression test
4. hypokalemia
5. hypernatremia
6. hyperglycemia
7. leukocytosis
8. glycosuria
9. hypocalcemi
10. elevate plasma corisol |
|
|
Term
| Cushing's disease:treatment |
|
Definition
Drug, radiation and surgery
Nizoral or metopirone |
|
|
Term
| Pheochromocytoma (benign turmor on the adrenal medulla: Hormones involved |
|
Definition
| epinephrine and norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. HTN
2. Hypermetabolism
3. hyperglycemia
4. profuse sweating
5. diaphorisis
6. pounding HA |
|
|
Term
| Pheochromocytoma: Diagnosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pheochromocytoma: Treatment |
|
Definition
removal of tumor,
monitor for signs of adrenal crisis |
|
|
Term
| Hyperthyroidism:Hormones involved: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Grave's disease
wt loss
nervousness
restlessness
irritable behavior
sleep disturbances
hair loss and fatige
poor tolerance to heat
excessive perspiration |
|
|
Term
| hyperthyroidism: Diagnosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hyperthyroidism: Treatment |
|
Definition
Drug therapy
radiation
surgery
Antithyroid drugs--thionamides, iodides (lugo's solution) |
|
|
Term
| hyperthyroidism: IF patient has surgery to have thyroid removed, monitor for WHAT? |
|
Definition
bleeding behind the neck, watch for changes in voice, restlessness and KEEP A TRACH KIT AT BEDSIDE.
Monitor for tetany in case the parathyroid gland was damaged during surgery |
|
|
Term
| hypothyroidism: Hormones involved: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gradual onset
wt gain
metabolic rate slow
lethargy
forgetfullness
irritability
freqeuent HA
constipation
intolerance to cold
slow pulse
dyspnea
swelling of the lips
nonpitting edema
thick skin
thin coarse hair and hoarsenes |
|
|
Term
| hypothyroidism: Treatment |
|
Definition
if untreated may lead to myxedema coma.
Hormone replacement therapy
synthroid
Cytomel for life
monitor for chest pain |
|
|
Term
| Hyperparathyroidism: Hormone involved |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hypercalcemia
fx's
urinary calculi
weakness
lethargy
depression
anorexia
constipation
wt loss
cardia dyshythmias |
|
|
Term
| hyperparathyroidism: Diagnosis |
|
Definition
serum calcium
serum phosphate
PTH
24 hr urine calcium
CT
MRI
needle aspiration |
|
|
Term
| hyperparathyroidism: Treatment |
|
Definition
high fluid intake
calcium restriction
sodium and phosphorus replacement therapy
Calcitonin
Lasix
Propranolol |
|
|
Term
| hypoparathyroidism: hormones involved |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypocalceima with painful muscle cramps, fatigue, weakness, tingling and twitching of the face and hands, mental and emotional changes. |
|
|
Term
| hypoparathyroidism: Diagnosis |
|
Definition
s/s
low serum calcium
high serum phosphate
low urine calcium
Chvostek's sign
Trousseau's sign |
|
|
Term
| hypoparathyroidism:Treatment |
|
Definition
Acute is treated with parenteral PTH
Oral calcium salts and Vit D
Monitor for seizure activity when giving |
|
|
