Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of the endocrine glands is called |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a complex chemical substance that is produced in one part or organ of the body that has a special regulatory effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A conical structure in the brain, located between the superior colliculi, the pulvinar, and the splenicum of the corpus callosum, whose exact function is not known. Also called pineal body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A single gland located in the mediastinum, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower border of the thyroid gland and inferiorly as far as the fourth rib cartilage. The thymus is the primary central gland of the lymphatic system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glands deliver their secretions through a duct ex: sweat glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lipid cholesterol hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissues the hormone affects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone must fit to this to cause an action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bine on the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| , a substance secreted from kidneys—stimulates the production of red blood cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (pituitar/o) aka hypophysis cerebri |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anterior lobe of pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| target organ is pituitary gland,produces hormones that are transported to the posterior pituitary lobe, where they can be stored until needed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulating effect of a hormone or other substance on a target organ or system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth hormoneaffects the growth of the skeletal muscles and the long bones of the body. GH also promotes the synthesis of proteins, performs cell repair, and helps to maintain blood glucose levels secreted by anterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| Prolactin (PRL), also called lactogenic hormone |
|
Definition
| secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland PRL stimulates the growth and development of the mammary glands. It also causes each mammary gland in the breasts to produce milk after childbirth |
|
|
Term
| thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
|
Definition
| is a substance secreted by the anterior pituitary lobe that controls the release of thyroid hormone and stimulates the growth and function of the thyroid gland |
|
|
Term
| adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) |
|
Definition
| ACTH stimulates the growth of the adrenal cortex and causes it to secrete three steroid hormones, including cortisol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secreted by anterior pituitary gland two are follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)and luteinizing hormone (LH). |
|
|
Term
| luteinizing hormone (LH). |
|
Definition
| LH causes the secretion of sex hormones—estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone—in men and women, and stimulates the process of ovulation |
|
|
Term
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|
Definition
| which stimulates the growth of the ova, or eggs, in the female and sperm in the male. |
|
|
Term
| Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
|
Definition
| is also secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. MSH affects the skin's pigment-producing cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posterior lobe of pituitary gland is stimulated by nerve impulses from the hypothalamus to release the hormones stored there secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreases the production of urine by increasing the reabsorption of water by the renal tubules. Insufficient secretion of ADH can increase the production of urine. |
|
|
Term
| Synthetic ADH, also called vasopressin, |
|
Definition
| is used in the treatment of diabetes insipidus (caused by decreased ADH levels) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| serves an important function in women during the process of labor and delivery—it stimulates the smooth muscles of the uterus to contract. Oxytocin is also responsible for the release, or letdown, of milk from the mammary glands in response to an infant's suckling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a cone-shaped structure. We don't understand all the functions of this gland, but it appears to receive information about the amount of daylight, transmitted by nervous system signals via a branch of the optic tract. The pineal gland responds to this information by producing the hormone melatonin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the only hormone that is secreted into the bloodstream by the pineal gland. It is believed to act on specific receptors to influence the body's biologic clock by regulating such functions as the sleep/wake cycle |
|
|
Term
| thyroid gland (thyroid/o, thyr/o) |
|
Definition
| is the largest endocrine gland in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narrow strip of tissue called the ..that connects right and left thyroid lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| triiodothyronine, or T3, and tetraiodothyronine, which is also called thyroxine, or T4.synthesized from iodine |
|
|
Term
| parathyroid glands (parathyroid/o) |
|
Definition
| are tiny structures attached to the posterior wall of the thyroid gland. There are usually four of them and they secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) or parathormone. PTH |
|
|
Term
| parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
|
Definition
| parathormone. PTH has three target tissues—bone, kidneys, and the digestive tract, and its function is to maintain a constant calcium,PTH stimulates the release of calcium from bone tissue, causes the kidneys to reabsorb calcium from the urine, and—with Vitamin D—increases the absorption of calcium from the digestive tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretes thymosin that stimulates the development of the immune system and the production of lymphocytes. The thymus is relatively much larger in children than in adults |
|
|
Term
| adrenal glands (adren/o, adrenal/o), or suprarenal glands |
|
Definition
| outer portion, called the adrenal cortex, and an inner part, the adrenal medulla,secretes three types of steroid hormones, each of which is classified as a corticosteroid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outer portion of adrenal glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner part of adrenal glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| targets the kidney to increase the amount of sodium and decrease potassium, released by adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulate the amount of mineral salts in the blood. ex aldostrone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a hormone secreted from cells in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex. These hormones help maintain normal blood glucose levels and normal blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a glucocorticoid,anti-inflammatory effects, cortisol is secreted in greater amounts during times of physiologic stressprepared synthetically and are prescribed for inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretes two important nonsteroidal hormones: epinephrine, also called adrenaline, and norepinephrine, also called noradrenaline, help the body respond to stress by elevating blood pressure, increasing the heart rate, dilating the bronchial passages, increasing the respiratory rate, and making more glucose available to the cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| also called noradrenaline. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are responsible for the manifestation of secondary sex characteristics and are required for reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a long gland that stretches across the posterior wall of the upper abdomen. It is composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissue. As an exocrine gland, the pancreas aids in the digestion of food. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are clusters of cells, scattered throughout the pancreas, that form the endocrine portion of the gland, alpha cells, which secrete the hormone glucagon, and beta cells, which produce insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lowers blood glucose levels by transporting glucose from the blood into the cells and by stimulating the cells to burn glucose for energy. It also promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage in the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antagonizes, or opposes, the effect of insulin. When blood sugar levels are low, glucagon stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose. It also triggers the transformation of fatty acids and amino acids into glucose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormality of the pituitary is termed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is hyperactivity of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, resulting in excessive secretion of pituitary hormone. This often leads to conditions such as acromegaly and Cushing syndrom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood, before puberty, results in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If hypersecretion occurs during adulthood, after the epiphyseal discs of the long bones have been sealed. it is a chronic metabolic disorder that involves the gradual enlargement of the bones of the face, jaw, and extremities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| means extremity or extreme point |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hyposecretion of growth hormone produces pituitary With this condition, the body is properly proportioned, but growth is stunted; height typically does not exceed 4 feet, is treated by administering growth hormone. |
|
|
Term
| radioimmunoassay studies (RIA) |
|
Definition
| radiographic examination of the bones and tests such as radioimmunoassay studies (RIA) to diagnose pituitary dwarfism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describes deficient pituitary gland activity, characterized by decreased secretion of one or more of the pituitary hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| , which is a total (pan-) deficiency of pituitary activity, characterized by decreased secretion of all the pituitary hormones |
|
|
Term
| Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) |
|
Definition
| is a condition that is caused by excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. This leads to an abnormal retention of water. weight gain, vomiting, nausea, muscle weakness, and irritability. SIADH may develop secondary to tumors, infectious diseases, pathologic reactions to drugs, or trauma. Treatment commonly involves restriction of water intak |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers simply to a set of symptoms that occur together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hyposecretion of ADH results in a condition known as DI Causes of DI include brain tumors, central nervous system infections and diseases, and closed head trauma. Excessive thirst, polydipsia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usu caused by Insufficient levels of ADH cause the kidney to fail to reabsorb needed salts and water. A symptom of this condition is the excretion of large quantities of urine ( |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicates a normally functioning thyroid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enlargement of a gland is called adenomegaly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enlargement of the thyroid is known as a-- esults from the collection of colloid, a jelly-like substance, within the gland. Another kind of goiter, nodular or adenomatous goiter, may occur in the presence of hyperthyroidism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs, increased deposits of fat in the tissues at the back of the eye socket |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common form of hyperthyroidism is --. exophthalmos, is a common symptom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| severe form of hyperthyroidism results in a poisoning called |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a congenital condition associated with severe hypothyroidism. Characteristics of this disorder include dwarfism, puffy features, large tongue, and mental retardation. Early treatment with thyroid hormone may promote normal physical growth but may not be able to reverse the intellectual deficits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the severest form of hypothyroidism. Persons with this disorder experience swelling of the hands, face, and feet because of the accumulation of a mucus-like substance under the skin, can be successfully treated with administration of thyroid hormone. Untreated, the condition can lead to coma and death. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rare, slow to develop, malignant or benign |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| with its resulting high levels of circulating PTH, leads to an excessive amount of calcium in the bloodstream, called hypercalcemia.osteitis fibrosa cystica and kidney cysts can occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excessive calcium in the bloodstream, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adenoma of one of the parathyroid glands, called parathyroidoma. |
|
Definition
| adenoma of one of the parathyroid glands, treatment with excision of tumor |
|
|
Term
| hypocalcemia, aka calcipenia |
|
Definition
| deficient levels of calcium in the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acute decreases in the levels of serum calcium cause the disorder known as tetany. Signs of tetany include tingling of the lips and fingertips, as well as cramps, convulsions, twitching of the muscles, and sharp flexion of the wrist and ankle joints. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any disease of the adrenal glands. Also called adrenalopathy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal condition of any gland, which is referred to as adenopathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to or resembling a cortex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pertains specifically to the cortex of the adrenal gland, it is a cortical disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excessive development of the adrenal cortex is called adrenocorticohyperplasia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any inflammation of the adrenal gland is called adrenalitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enlargement of one or both of the adrenal glands is referred to as adrenomegaly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If excessive potassium (kal/i) is allowed into the bloodstream, the result is a condition called hyperkalemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deficient level of sodium (natr/o) in the blood is called hyponatremia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This disorder involves the expression, in women, of male secondary sexual characteristics, including deepening of the voice and abnormal hair growth on the face and body (hirsutism). Typically, the hypersecretion of androgens that results in adrenal virilism is caused by a tumor of the adrenal gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deepening of the voice and abnormal hair growth on the face and body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cushing syndrome may also be caused by the use of glucocorticoids to treat conditions such as arthritis and lupus.reduction of the amount of cortisol secretion, either pharmacologically or surgically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In this disorder, which is potentially life-threatening, all three categories of adrenal steroids—mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens—are deficient.Symptoms of the disorder include weakness, fatigue, bronzed pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes caused by increased levels of MSH, and anorexia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common disorder of the adrenal medulla. It is a benign vascular tumor that causes hypersecretion of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. Signs of this disorder include severe headache, palpitations, sweating, nervousness, nausea, vomiting, and persistent or intermittent hypertension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lowers normal blood glucose level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal blood glucose level ( |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low blood sugar,Shakiness, sweating, headache, weakness, and loss of consciousness are among the symptoms may be caused by an insulin-secreting tumor in the islets of Langerhans or by exceeding a prescribed dose of the hormone. The condition is reversed by administering glucose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elevation in the amount of insulin, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deficient carbohydrate metabolism, is called diabetes mellitus (DM), and is characterized by elevated blood sugar. Uncontrolled, DM can cause chronic renal disease, retinopathy, and neuropathy. |
|
|
Term
| Type 1 diabetes, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM |
|
Definition
| Type 1 diabetes, little or no insulin is produced because the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans that secrete the hormone have been decreased in number by an abnormal autoimmune process. This type of the disorder is also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Type 1 diabetes mellitus usually has its onset during childhood. |
|
|
Term
| Type 2 diabetes/non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) |
|
Definition
| accounts for 90% of the cases of diabetes mellitus and is most frequently seen in adults 35 years of age and older. More than 70% of individuals in whom Type 2 diabetes develops are obese. unresponsiveness or resistance to insulin, causes of which include hormone receptor defects or too few receptors on the surface of target cell membranes. As a consequence, the insulin that is produced is not effective. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sometimes develops during pregnancy because of overall hormonal changes at that time. Typically, this condition resolves after childbirth but, in a number of cases, recurs years later as Type 2 diabetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| build up of keratoacids from unregulated diabetes. Signs of ketoacidosis include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and a fruity odor of the breath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the abnormal accumulation of acid products, the condition is referred to as |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal concentration of ketone bodies, resulting from excessive fat metabolism, the condition is referred to as |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| circulatory complications, ranging from atherosclerosis, heart attack, and stroke and diabetic gangrene, kidney disease, diabetic neuropathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impaired blood supply to the extremities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| destruction of nerves in the extremities, a condition known as |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| , resulting in visual loss and blindness. Diabetics are also more likely to develop cataracts and glaucoma than other people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure the presence of glucose and insulin, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure the presence of glucose and insulin |
|
|
Term
| fasting blood sugar (FBS) |
|
Definition
| measures the body's ability to break down and utilize glucose |
|
|
Term
| glucose tolerance test (GTT) |
|
Definition
| measures the body's response to a concentrated glucose solution. GTT is routinely used to diagnose gestational diabetes. |
|
|
Term
| glycosylated hemoglobin test, also called hemoglobin A1C |
|
Definition
| , is a blood test that measures the average blood sugar concentration over the life span of the red blood cell patient's average blood sugar level for the six to eight weeks prior to the test, making it a useful tool for monitoring the effectiveness of diabetes treatment |
|
|
Term
| computed tomography (CT)and radiography |
|
Definition
| may be used to test bone density deficiencies related to hypoparathyroidism. CT scans also help visualize the size of the adrenal glands in cases of Addison disease |
|
|
Term
| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
|
Definition
| can show changes in the size of soft tissues. |
|
|
Term
| radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) |
|
Definition
| test measures the ability of the thyroid gland to concentrate and retain iodine. For this nuclear medicine test, the patient orally ingests radioactive iodine and its uptake into the thyroid gland is assessed. In hyperthyroidism, absorption of iodine is increased. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is another nuclear medicine test that shows the size, shape, and function of the thyroid gland. It can also detect tumors and nodules. An image is recorded as the scanner is passed over the neck area after the patient is given a radioactive substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visualizes the pancreas and also may be used to guide biopsies of the thyroid gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure the amount of ADH, cortisol, growth hormone (GH), or parathyroid hormone in the blood |
|
|
Term
| Radioimmunoassay studies (RIA) |
|
Definition
| tag and detect hormones in the blood. |
|
|
Term
| thyroid function test (TFT) |
|
Definition
| , which assesses TSH, T3, T4, and calcitonin levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measures the amount of calcium in the blood, particularly relevant in evaluating parathyroid function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a diagnostic technique that measures the forward displacement of the eyes in Graves disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nodules that are shown by the scan to absorb the radioactive iodine are called hot and are usually benign |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tumors that don't take up the iodine appear cold on the scan and are more likely to be malignant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Surgical incision into the thyroid gland is called a |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which is excision, or removal, of the thyroid |
|
|
Term
| radioactive iodine therapy |
|
Definition
| following surgical removal of tumors to destroy any remaining cancerous cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the case of parathyroidoma, the tumor is treated by excision of the tumor. If removal or excision of the gland is required, the procedure is called a |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excision of both the thyroid and parathyroid glands is called |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is treated with administration of calcium and of vitamin D to help the absorption of calcium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excess secretion of the androgens is managed by suppressing hormone overproduction with medication or by surgically removing the adrenal gland, a procedure called |
|
|
