Term
| the series of ductless glands that are found in the body |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 functions of the endocrine system |
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Definition
1. communication
2. control |
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Term
| difference between endocrine and nervous systems: |
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Definition
nervous system: rapid; controlled by nerve impulses; short-lived
Endocrine system: slow; longer-lasting; control by way of hormones secreted into the blood stream |
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Term
| locations of endocrine organs |
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Definition
| neck, cranial cavity, thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity, and outside of the cavities |
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Term
| all organs of the endocrine system are _______ but not all _________ are organs of the endocrine system |
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Definition
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Term
| two types of glands in the body: |
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Definition
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Term
| ductless glands that are apart of the endocrine system and secrete hormones into intercellular substances |
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Definition
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Term
| glands that secrete their products into ducts that empty onto a surface or into a cavity; i.e. sweat glands |
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Definition
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Term
| substance secreted by an endocrine gland |
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Definition
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Term
| cell acted on by a particular hormone and responding to it |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ are the main regulators of metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, and many other body activities |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ play an important role in maintaining homeostasis, fluid and electrolyte, acid-base, and energy balances; important for survival of the species. |
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Definition
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Term
| too much of a substance is being secreted |
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Definition
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Term
| too little of a substance is being secreted |
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Definition
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Term
| two major classes of hormones |
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Definition
1. nonsteroid hormone
2. steroid hormone |
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Term
| general type of hormone that does have the lipid steroid structure (derived from cholesterol) but is instead a protein or protein derivative; also sometimes called a protein hormone. |
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Definition
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Term
| lipid-soluble hormones that pass intact through the cell membrane of the target cell and influence cell activity by acting on specific genes. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ _________ hormones are whole proteins, shorter chains of amino acids, or simply versions of single amino acids |
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Definition
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Term
| work according to the second messenger mechanism |
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Definition
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Term
| concept that explains how molecules react when they fit together in a complementary way in the same manner that a key fits into a lock to cause the lock to open or close; the analogy is often used to explain the action of hormones, enzymes, and other biological molecules. |
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Definition
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Term
| according to this concept, a protein hormone acts as a "first messenger". after the hormone follows the lock-and-key model, a number of chemical reactions occur that activate the second messengers which deliver information inside the cell and regulate the cell's activity. |
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Definition
| second messenger mechanism |
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Term
| chemical that provides communication within a hormone's target cell; for example, cyclic AMP |
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Definition
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Term
| adenosine monophosphate; one of several second messengers that delivers information inside the cell and thus regulates the cell's activity |
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Definition
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Term
| nonsteroid hormones serve as _____ messengers providing information between endocrine glands and target organs |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ messenger delivers its chemical sends a message from the cells of an endocrine gland to highly specific membrane receptor sites on target cells |
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Definition
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Term
| the action of a small, lipid-soluble steroid hormones (DOES/DOES NOT) occur by the second messenger system |
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Definition
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Term
| because they are ______ _______, the steroid hormone can pass intact directly through the plasma membrane of the target cell |
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Definition
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Term
| this complex acts on DNA which ultimately causes the formation of a new protein in the cytoplasm that produces specific effects in the target cell |
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Definition
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Term
| example of a negative feed back |
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Definition
| when blood sugar levels are high, the pancreas releases insulin to assist in the transfer of sugar from the blood into the cells, causing blood sugar levels to drop. Low blood sugar levels then cause the pancreas to stop creating/releasing insulin. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| example of postive feedback |
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Definition
| during labor, the muscle contractions become stronger by means of positive feedback that regulates the secretion of the hormone oxytocin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| group of naturally occurring fatty acids that affect many body functions |
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Definition
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Term
| important and extremely pwerful substances found in a variety of tissues that play an important role in communication of many body functions but do not meet the definition of a typical hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| prostaglandins are _____ _____ because in many instances they are produced in a tissue and diffuses only a short distance to act on cells within that tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| typical ____________ influence activities of neighboring cells |
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Definition
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Term
| typical _________ influence and control activities of widely seperated organs |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 classes of prostaglanins |
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Definition
1. prostaglandin A
2. prostaglandin E
3. prostaglandin F |
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Term
| ____________ influence respiration, blood pressure, gastrointestinal secretions, inflammation, and the reproductive system |
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Definition
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Term
| PGs regulate cells by influencing the production of _________ ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| play an important role in the treatment of conditions such as high blood pressure, asthma, and ulcers |
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Definition
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Term
| endocrine gland located in the skull, madeup of the adenohypophysis and the neurohypophysis; very small |
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Definition
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Term
| two parts of the pituitary gland: |
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Definition
1. adenohypophysis
2. neurohypophysis |
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Term
| anterior pituitary gland, has the structure of an endocrine gland |
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Definition
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Term
| posterior pituitary gland, has the structure of nervous tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| the pituitary gland lies deep in the cranial cavity, in the small depression of the sphenoid bone that is shaped like a saddle and called the _____ _____ |
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Definition
| sella turcica (turkish saddle) |
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Term
| the ______ ________ attaches the pituitary body to the hypothalamus; stemlike structure |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ pituitary gland consists of all four hormones listed as tropic hormones |
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Definition
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Term
| hormone that stimulates another endocrine gland to grow and secrete its hormones |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ pituitary gland was called the master gland |
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Definition
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Term
| a tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to increase its secretion of the thyroid |
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Definition
| thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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Term
| hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete larger amounts of hormones; cortisol (hydrocortisone) |
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Definition
| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Term
| hormone present in males and females; in males, it stimulates the production of sperm; in females, it stimulates the ovarian follicles to mature and follicle cells to secrete estrogen |
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Definition
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Term
| acts in conjunction with the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to stimulate follicle and ovum maturation and release of estrogen and ovulation; known as the ovulating hormone; progesterone;in males, causes testes to develop and secrete testosterone |
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Definition
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Term
| rupturing of the mature follicle with expulsion of its ripe ovum |
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Definition
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Term
| the formation of a golden body in the ruptured follicle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that controls the rate of skeletal and visceral growth |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ hormone speeds up the movement of amino acids and accelerates anabolism to form new tissues |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ hormone affects fat and carbohydrate metabolism; accelerates fat catabolism but slows glucose catabolism. |
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Definition
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Term
| growth hormone and insulin have (OPPOSITE/THE SAME) effects |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| too much insulin in the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| too little insulin in the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| hormone secreted by the corpus luteum; stimulates secretion of the uterine lining; with estrogen, helps to initiate the menstrual cycle in girls entering puberty; milk secretion; aka lactogenic hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 hormones released by the neurohypophysis |
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Definition
1. antidiuretic hormone
2. oxytocin |
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Term
| hormone produced in the posterior pituitary gland to regulate the balance of water in the body by accelerating the reabsorption of water |
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Definition
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Term
| hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland before and after delivering a baby; though to initiate and maintain labor; also causes the release of breast milk into ducts for the baby to suck; "milk let-down" |
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Definition
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Term
| with more water moving out of the tubules into the blood, less water remains in the tubules, and therefore less urine leaves the body, this is caused by ___________ hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| hyposecretion of ADH results in _______ __________, a condition in which large volumes of urine are formed and may cause serious health problems |
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Definition
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Term
| production of the antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin occur in the _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| release of the antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin occur in the ___________ |
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Definition
| posterior pituitary gland |
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Term
| hypothalamus produces these 4 substances: |
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Definition
1.antidiuretic hormone
2. oxytocin
3. releasing hormones
4. inhibiting hormones |
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Term
| hormone produced by the hypothalamus gland that causes the anterior pituitary gland to release its hormones |
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Definition
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Term
| hormone produced by the hypothalamus that slows the release of anterior pituitary hormones |
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Definition
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Term
| the _________ gland is not located in a body cavity |
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Definition
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Term
| the thyroid gland secretes these 3 hormones: |
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Definition
1. thyroxine (T4)
2. triiodothyronine (T3)
3. calcitonin |
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Term
| thyroid gland secretes ____ thyroid hormones |
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Definition
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Term
| thyroid hormone that stimulates cellular metabolism; more potent; principle thyroid hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| thyroid hormone that stimulates cellular metabolism; more abundant; |
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Definition
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Term
| in order for t4 to be produced in adequate amounts, the diet must contain sufficient ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| influence every one of trillions of cells in our body |
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Definition
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Term
| a hormone secreted by the thyroid that decreases calcium in the blood by acting on bone to inhibit its breakdown; homeostasis of blood calcium |
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Definition
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Term
| a condition in which there is a harmful excess of calcium in the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| endocrine glands located in the neck on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland; small; usually four |
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Definition
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Term
| hormone released by the parathyroid gland that increases the concentration of calcium in the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| PTH and calcitonin have (OPPOSITE/THE SAME) affect |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| if there is ____ _____ blood calcium, the brain cells and heart cells soon cease to function normally |
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Definition
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Term
| if there is ___ _____ blood calcium, nerve cells become overactive, sometimes to such a degree that they cause muscle spasms |
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Definition
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Term
| gland that curves over the tops of each kidney |
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Definition
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Term
| two seperate endocrine glands of the adrenal glands: |
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Definition
1. adrenal cortex
2. adrenal medulla |
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Term
| the outer part of the adrenal gland |
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Definition
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Term
| the inner part of the adrenal gland |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 different layers of the adrenal cortex: |
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Definition
| outer zone, middle zone, innermost zone |
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Term
| outer portion of adrenal gland that secretes corticoids |
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Definition
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Term
| hormones secreted by the three cell layers of the adrenal cortex |
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Definition
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Term
| outer zone of adrenal cortex secretes _________ hormones |
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Definition
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Term
| hormone that influences mineral salt metabolism; secreted by adrenal cortex; aldosterone |
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Definition
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Term
| hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water; main mineralocorticoid hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| middle zone of adrenal cortex secretes ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| hormones that influence food metabolism; secreted by the adrenal cortex |
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Definition
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Term
| hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to stimulate the availability of glucose in the blood; in large amounts, can depress immune functions, as when it is used as a drug treatment |
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Definition
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Term
| a hormone secreted by the adrena cortex; cortisol; compound F |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| cortisol (hydrocortisone) |
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Term
| the innermost zone of the adrenal cortex secretes small amounts of _____ hormones |
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Definition
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Term
| sex hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex resemble ____________-- |
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Definition
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Term
| increases the amount of sodium and decreases the amount of potassium in the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| functions of glucocorticoids: |
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Definition
1. blood glucose concentration
2. normal blood pressure
3. antiinflammatory effect
4. first responder to stress |
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Term
| when extreme stimuli act on the body, they produce and internal state or condition known as _______; i.e surgery, hemorrhage, infections, severe burns, and intense emotions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ______ hormones of the inner zone of the adrenal cortex increase libido in females and are insignificant in males |
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Definition
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Term
| inner portion of adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine; fight or flight response |
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Definition
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Term
| two hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla: |
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Definition
1.epinephrine
2. norepinephrine |
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Term
| ___________ and ____________ are not essential for maintaining life |
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Definition
| epinephrine, norepinephrine |
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Term
| _________________ are essential for life |
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Definition
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Term
| prolongs and intensifies changes in body function brought about by the stimulation of the symnpathetic subdivision of the autonomic nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ fibers release epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Definition
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Term
| endocrine portion of the pancreas; made up of alpha and beta cells among others; also known as islets of langerhans |
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Definition
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Term
| pancreatic cell that secretes glucagon |
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Definition
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Term
| pancreatic islet cell that secretes insulin |
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Definition
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Term
| hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose; leaves liver and goes into blood |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| only hormone that can decrease blood glucose |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ and ___________ are antagonists |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| a condition resulting when the pancreatic islets secrete too little insulin, resulting in increased levels of blood glucose; 2 or 3 times amount of normal blood glucose |
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Definition
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Term
| a condition resulting when cells of the body become less sensitive to the hormone insulin and perhaps the pancreatic islets secrete too little insulin, resulting in increased levels of blood glucose |
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Definition
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Term
| condition resulting when the pancreatic islets secrete too little insulin, resulting in increased levels of glucose |
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Definition
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Term
| glucose in the urine; a sign of diabetes mellitus |
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Definition
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Term
| primary female sex organs |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 kinds of glandular structures in the ovaries |
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Definition
1. ovarian follicles
2. corpus luteum |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| cells of the ________ produce sperm |
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Definition
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Term
| liquid portion of the male reproductive fluid |
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Definition
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Term
| endocrine glands of the male genitals |
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Definition
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Term
| male sex hormone produced by the interstitial cells in the testes; the "masculiniing hormone" |
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Definition
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Term
| gland located in the mediastanum |
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Definition
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Term
| thymus and adrenal gland both have ___ and ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| as part of the body's immune system, the endocrine function of the ______ is not only important but essential |
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Definition
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Term
| plays a critical part in the body's defenses agains infections-----its vital immunity mechanism |
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Definition
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Term
| endocrine gland located in the mediastinum; vital part of the body's immune system |
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Definition
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Term
| group of hormone produced by the thymus that is vital to the development and functioning of the boy's immune system |
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Definition
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Term
| funcitons as a temporary endocrine gland |
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Definition
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Term
| anchors the developing fetus to the uterus and provides a "bridge" for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and developing baby |
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Definition
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Term
| hormones that are secreted as the uterus develops during pregnancy |
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Definition
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Term
| tropic hormones secreted by the chorion |
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Definition
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Term
| produces estrogen and progesterone |
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Definition
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Term
| during the earliest weeks of pregnancy the kidneys excrete large amounts of _________ ____________ in the urine |
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Definition
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Term
| endocrine gland located in the third ventricle of the brain; produces melatonin |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| becomes fibrous and encrusted with calcium deposits as a person ages |
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Definition
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Term
| important hormone produced by the pineal gland that is believed to regulate the onset of puberty and the menstrual cycle; also referred to as the third eye because it responds to levels of light and is though to be involved with the body's internal clock |
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Definition
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Term
| continuing research into the endocrine system has shown that nearly every organ and system has an _________ function |
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Definition
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Term
| secreted by the epithelial cells lining the stomach and boosts appetite, slow metabolism, and reduces fat burning |
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Definition
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Term
| secreted by cells in the wall of the heart's atria (upper chambers) important regulator of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis; antagonist to aldosterone |
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Definition
| natriuretic hormone (ANH) |
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Term
| stimmulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water |
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Definition
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|
Term
| stimulates the loss of sodium ions and water |
|
Definition
| natriuretic hormone (ANH) |
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Term
| secreted by fat storing cells throughout the body; seems to regulate how hungry or full we feel and how fat is metabolized by the body |
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Definition
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|
Term
| when tumors of the adrenal cortex located in the middle zone of the cortex often result in the production of abnormally large amounts of glucocorticoids; moon face, buffalo hump on upper back |
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Definition
|
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Term
| hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones results in a condition which causes reduced cortical hormone levels resulting in muscle weakness, reduced blood sugar, nausea, loss of appetite, and weight loss; ie. J.F. Kennedy |
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Definition
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|
Term
| oversecretion of the thyroid hormones that dramatically increases the metabolic rate; lose weight, irritable, have increased appetite, protrusion of the eyeballs |
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Definition
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|
Term
| undersecretion of thyroid hormones |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| low dietary intake of iodine causes a painless enlargement of the thyroid gland called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hyposecretion of thyroid hormones during the formative years; low metabolic rate, retarded growth and sexual development, and mental retardation |
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Definition
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|
Term
| later in life, deficient thyroid hormone secretion produces ___________ which is characterized by a low metabolic rate, lessened mental and physical vigor, weight gain, loss of hair, and swelling of tissues |
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Definition
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|
Term
| hypersecretion of growth hormone during the early years of life produces |
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Definition
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|
Term
| hyposecretion of the growth hormone produces |
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Definition
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Term
| if the anterior pituitary gland secretes too much growth hormone after the normal growth years; enlargement of bones of hands, feet, jaws, and cheeks |
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Definition
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|
Term
| how hormones act on target cells |
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Definition
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