Term
| second messenger system of body |
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Definition
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Term
| endocrine systems uses __________ that are released into blood |
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Definition
| chemical messages (hormones) |
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Term
| hormones control 5 major processes |
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Definition
| "reproduction, growth and development, mobiliazation of body defenses, maintenance of much of homeostasis, regulation of metabolism" |
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Term
| 3 ways hormones can be classified |
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Definition
| "amino acid-based (proteins, peptides, amines), steroids (made from cholesterol), and prostaglandins (made from highly active lipids)" |
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Term
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Definition
| "hormones circulate to all organs, but a given hormone affects only certain tissue cells or organs" |
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Term
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Definition
| specific protein receptors |
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Term
| typical effects caused by hormones (4) |
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Definition
| "(1) changes in plasma membrane permeability or electrical state; (2) symthese of proteins, such as enzymes; (3) activation or inactivation of enzymes; (4) stimulation of mitosis" |
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Term
| steroid hormone action (5) |
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Definition
| "(1) diffuse through plasma membrane of target cells, (2) enter nucleus, (3) bind to a specific protein within nucleus, (4) (protein and steroid unit bind to specivid sites on cell's DNA, (5) then activate genes (via mRNA) that result in synthesis of new proteins" |
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Term
| nonsteroid hormone action (4) |
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Definition
| (1) nonsteroid hormone (first messenger) binds to receptor on cell membrane but does NOT enter cell; (2) this sets off series of reactions that activates an enzyme; (3) catalyzes a reaction that produces a second messenger molecule; (4) oversees additional intracellular changes to promote a specific response (such as glycogen breakdown) |
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Term
| negative feedback mechanisms |
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Definition
| chief way of regulating blood levels of nearly all hormons; stumulus or low hormone levels in blood triggers release of more hormone; hormone release stops once an appropriate level in blood is reached |
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Term
| hormonal stimulus of endocrine glands |
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Definition
| endocrine glands are activated by other hormones |
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Term
| humoral stimulus of endocrine glands |
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Definition
| changing blood levels of certain ions (i.e. calcium) stimulate hormone release |
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Term
| neurla stimulus of endocrine glands |
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Definition
| nerve impulses stimulate hormone release (most are under control of sympathetic nervous system) |
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Term
| major endocrine organs include…(8) |
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Definition
| "pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pineal gland, thymus gland, pancreas, gonads (ovaries and testes)" |
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Term
| location of pituitary gland |
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Definition
| hangs by stalk from hypothalamus and is protected by sphenoid bone |
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Term
| 2 functional lobes of pituitary gland |
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Definition
| anterior pituitary (glandular tissue) and posterior pituitary (nervous tissue) |
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Term
| which glands are ductless? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ductless glands that empty hormones directly into blood |
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Term
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Definition
| glands with ducts through which secretions are carried to a particular site |
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Term
| hormones of anterior pituitary (6) |
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Definition
| "growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL) affect non-endocrine targets; thyroid-stimulating or thyrotropic (TSH or TH), follicle-stimulating (FSH), luteinizing (LH), and adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) are all tropic hormones (stimulate other endocrine glands)" |
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Term
| 3 characteristics of all anterior pituitary hormones |
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Definition
| "proteins (or peptides); act throuh second-messenger systems; regulated by hormonal stimuli, mostly negative feedback" |
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Term
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Definition
| growth hormone--major effects directed to growth of skeletal muscles and long bones |
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Term
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Definition
| prolactin--stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth |
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Term
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Definition
| adrenocorticotropic hormone--regulated endocrine activity of adrenal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| thyroid-stimulating hormone--influences growth and activity of thyroid |
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Term
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Definition
| FSH--stimulates follicle development in ovaries and sperm development in testes; LH--trigers ovulations and stimulates testosterone production |
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Term
| known as the master endocrine gland |
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Definition
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Term
| hormones of posterior pituitary (2) |
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Definition
| oxytocin--stimulates contractions of uterus and causes milk ejection; antidiuretic (ADH) hormone--can inhibit urine production and in large amounts causes vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure |
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Term
| location of thyroid gland |
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Definition
| base of throat--consists of 2 lobes and connecting isthmus |
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Term
| thyroid gland produces 2 hormones |
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Definition
| thyroid hormone (T4--have a lot; T3--most potent) and calcitonin |
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Term
| the body's major jetabolic hormone |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| regulates calcium balance |
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Term
| location of parathyroid glands |
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Definition
| posterior surface of thyroid gland |
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Term
| parathyroid glands secrete |
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Definition
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Term
| functions of parathyroid hormone (3) |
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Definition
| stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone; stimulate kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium; raise calcium level in blood |
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Term
| location of adrenal glands |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 parts to adrenal glands |
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Definition
| cortex (outer glandular region in 3 layers) and medulla (inner neural tissue region) |
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Term
| hormones of adrenal cortex (3) |
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Definition
| "corticosteroids (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones)" |
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Term
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Definition
| "produced in outer adrenal cortex and regulate mineral content in blood, water and electorlyte balance (target organ is kidney)" |
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Term
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Definition
| produced in middle layer of adrenal cortex and promote normal cell metabolism (released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH) |
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Term
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Definition
| produced in inner layer of adrenal cortex--androgens (male) and some estrogen (femail) |
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Term
| hormones of adrenal medulla |
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Definition
| catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)--prepare body to deal with short-term stress |
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Term
| best0hidden endocrine glands in body |
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Definition
| pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) |
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Term
| exocrine (enzyme-producing) part of pancreas acts as part of the… |
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Definition
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Term
| hormones produced by islets of pancreas (2) |
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Definition
| insulin (allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells from beta cells) and glucagon (allows glucose to enter blood from alpha cells) |
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Term
| function of insulin and glucagon |
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Definition
| antagonists that maintain blood sugar homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
| found on third ventricle of brain |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes melatonin (helps establish body's wake/sleep cycles) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| produces thymosin which matures some types of WBCs and important in developing the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| estrogens and progesterone |
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Term
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Definition
| "(produced by Graafian follicles or placenta) stimulates development of secondary female characteristics; matures female reproductive organs, helps perpare uterus to receive fertilized egg; helps maintain pregnancy; prepares breasts to produce milk" |
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Term
| progesterone functions (2) |
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Definition
| (produces by corpus luteum) acts with estrogen to bring about menstrual cycle and helps in implantation of embryo in uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| produces several androgens; testosterone is most important |
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Term
| testosterone functions (3) |
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Definition
| responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics; promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system; required for sperm cell production |
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Term
| other hormone-producing tissues and organs (4) |
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Definition
| "parts of small intestine, parts of stomach, kidneys, heart" |
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Term
| endocrine functions of placenta (3) |
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Definition
| "produces hormones to maintain pregnancy; some hormones play part in delivery of baby; produces HCG in addition to estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones" |
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