Term
| A communication system which consists of glands that secrete hormones. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 3 things that make up endocrine glands. |
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Definition
-Ductless
-Secrete hormones directly into blood
-Signal each other in sequence to form axis |
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Term
| Generally thought of as chemical messengers |
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Definition
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Term
| Highly speciaized organic molecules produced by endocrine organs that exert their actions on specific target cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Can a single hormone exert its effects on different tissues or only one? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can a single functionbe regulated by more than one hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| Released by glands or specialized cells into circulating blood and influence the function of target cells at other locations in the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| Give 3 examples of endocrine hormones |
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Definition
1. Growth Hormone
2. TSH
3. ACTH |
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Term
| Hormones secreted by neurons in the circulating blood and influence the function of target cells at other locations in the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| Give 3 examples of Neuroendocrine Hormones. |
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Definition
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Term
| Secreted by cells into the ECF and affect neighboring cells of a different type. |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of a paracrine hormone |
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Definition
| Sex steroids on the ovary |
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Term
| Secreted by cells into the ECF and affect the function of the same ells that produced them. |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of an autocrine |
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Definition
| Release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells can inhibit its release from the same cells |
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Term
| Secreted by cells into the ECF and can function as autocrines, paracrines, or endocrine hormones. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Name 4 major chemical classes of hormones. |
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Definition
1. Polypeptides
2. Proteins
3. Steroids
4. Amines |
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Term
| Includes hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, anterior and posterior pituitary gland, the pancreas, thyroid and parathyroid glands, placenta, kidney, heart, stomach, and small intestine and adipocytes. |
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Definition
| Polypeptides and Proteins |
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Term
| Make up most of the hormones in the body and range in size from 3 to 200 amino acids. |
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Definition
| Polypeptides and Proteins |
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Term
| Most are initially synthesized on the ribosomes of the endocrine cells as preprohormones, then cleaved into prohormones in the RER. The prohormones are packaged in the Golgi and converted to hormones. |
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Definition
| Polypeptides and proteins |
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Term
| Can be produced and stored in secretory vesicles and released as needed. |
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Definition
| Polypeptides and proteins |
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Term
| Secreted by the adrenal cortex, testes, ovaries, placenta, and kidneys |
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Definition
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Term
| Primarily synthesized in the SER of the adrenal cortex cells and gonads |
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Definition
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Term
| Functions may vary from organic metabolism, to stress response, to sex drive and reproductive development, and Na/K balance. |
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Definition
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Term
| Can some steroids be a precursor for the production of other hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| All are derived from cholesterold (mostly LDL's) which means they are lipid soluble. |
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Definition
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Term
| Are steroids stored in the cytosol? |
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Definition
| NO - the diffuse thru the lipid membrane into the intersitial fluid and circulation |
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Term
| Amines are all derivatives of the amino acid what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Includes thyroid hormones, epi, NE, and dopamine |
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Definition
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Term
| Secreted by the adrenal medulla (modified symp ganglion w/no axons) and serve as neurotransmitters for the SNS. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 3 functions of NE and Epi |
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Definition
Organic metabolism
Cardiovascular functions
Response to stress |
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Term
| Humans secrete 4X more _ than _ because the adrenal medulla has high levels of PNMT. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Catalyzs conversion of NE to Epi |
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Term
| __ neurons do not express PNMT and only secrete NE |
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Definition
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Term
| Synthesized by the hypothalamus and regulates certain activities of the pituitary gland. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 2 hormones that are produced within seconds of the gland being stimulated and develop full action within another few seconds. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 2 hormones that may require a few months to get their full effect. |
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Definition
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Term
| Are circulating concentrations that are required to control most metabolic and endocrine functions small or large? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are the rates of excretion of various hormones small or large? |
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Definition
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Term
| Causes a surge of hormone such as in oxytocin. |
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Definition
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Term
| Prevents overacivity of the hormone systems and are the most common. |
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Definition
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Term
| In most instances, precise control of hormone secretion is exerted thru what? |
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Definition
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Term
| After a stimulus causes a release of a hormone, conditions or products of its actions tend to suppress the further release of the hormone. This prevents the oversecretion of the hormone or overactivity of the target tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| __ __ such as circadian rhythms, seasonal changes, developmental changes, etc. are superimposed on the positive and negative feedback systems. |
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Definition
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Term
| Peptides and Catecholamines are __ soluble |
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Definition
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Term
| __ __ hormones are dissolved in the plasma and transported to their target tssues, where they diffuse out of the capillaries, into the ECF and ultimately into the cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| __ and __ hormones circulate in the blood mainly bound to plasma proteins and remain biologically inactive until they dissociate from the proteins. They serve as a reservoir of hormone. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 2 factors that affect the concentration of hormone in the blood |
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Definition
1. Rate of secretion
2. Metabolic clearance rate |
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Term
| Name 4 ways in which hormones are cleared from the plasma |
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Definition
1. Metabolically destroyed in blood and tissues
2. Binding with tissue
3. Excretion by liver into bile
4. Excretion by kidneys into urine |
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Term
| The ability of a cell to respond to a hormone depends upon the presence of receptors for that hormone on or in the what? |
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Definition
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Term
| __ are usually located on the surface of the cell membrane, in the cell cytoplasm, or in the cell nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| Do the number of active receptors remain constance from day to day or minute to minute? |
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Definition
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Term
| __ can be inactivated or destroyed, or they can be reactivated or synthesized from new. |
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Definition
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Term
| A decrease in the number of receptors for a hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| An increase in the number of receptors for a hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| Can results from increased hormone concentration and increased binding with its target cell receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 5 causes of down-regulation |
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Definition
1. Inactivation of some receptors
2. Inactivation of some of the intracellular protein signaling molecules
3. Temporary sequestering of the receptor into the cell
4. Destruction of the receptor by lysosomes
5. Decreased production of the receptor |
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Term
| The stimulating hormone induces greater than normal formation of the receptor or intracellular signaling molecules, or greater availability of the receptor for interaction with the hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| Increases the sensitivity of the tissue to the hormone. |
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Definition
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Term
| __ hormones increase protein synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| __ hormones increase gene transcription |
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Definition
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Term
| The adrenal cortex forms the bulk of the endocrine gland and secretes what 3 things? |
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Definition
Glucocorticoids
Mineralcorticoids
Adrenal Sex hormones |
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Term
| The adrenal cortical function is essential for life. Loss of function is fatal in __ days if untreated. |
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Definition
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Term
| The secretion of glucocorticoids and androgens is controlled by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The site of metabolism of the adrenal cortical hormones |
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Definition
| Liver (excreted in urine and bile) |
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Term
| These play an essential role in regulating K and Na levels and water balance. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the mineralocorticoids produced within the adrenal cortex? |
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Definition
| Zona glomerulosa (thin layer of cells just under the capsule) |
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Term
| Name 2 mineralocorticoids |
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Definition
Aldosterone
Corticosterone |
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Term
| This hormone is tightly regulated by the renin-angiotensin mechanism and by blood K levels |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are glucocorticoids synthesized in the adrenal cortex? |
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Definition
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Term
| These exhibit important effects that increase blood glucose concentration. |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood levels of glucocorticoids are regulated by __ __ mechanisms of the HPA axis. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| A very potent hormone; has primary action of glucose, protein and fat metabolism, anti-inflammatory actions, psychic effects, and permissive effects. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 5 things that cortisol does. |
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Definition
1. Stimulation of gluconeogenesis
2. Decreases glucose utilization by cells
3. Reduces protein stores in all body cells but liver
4. Mobilizes fatty acids from adipose tissue
5. Large anti-inflammatory role |
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Term
| How does cortisol stimulate gluconeogenesis? |
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Definition
| Increases the enzymes required to convert amino acids into glucose in liver and causes mobilization of amino acids from the extrahepatic tissues mainly from muscle |
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Term
| How does cortisol reduce protein stores in all body parts but liver? |
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Definition
| Increased catabolism and decreased synthesis |
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Term
| __ is much less potent than corisol |
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Definition
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Term
| __ is almost as potent as cortisol |
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Definition
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Term
| __ is synthetic and 4X as potent as cortisol |
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Definition
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Term
| __ is stimulated by ACTH from the ant. pit. gland |
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Definition
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Term
| Where in the adrenal cortex are androgens synthesized? |
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Definition
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Term
| Contribute to pubertal growth of body hair, mainly in women. |
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Definition
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Term
| By the age of 60, levels of this in men decline 1/6 and of 20 y/o |
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Definition
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Term
| Adrenocortical hormones are degraded mainly where? |
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Definition
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Term
| About 25% of degraded adrenocortical hormones are exreted in what? The remaining are filtered by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 2 adrenal medullary hormones |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 3 inputs that control hormone secretion |
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Definition
1. Ions or nutrients
2. Neurotransmitters
3. Hormones |
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Term
| A hormone that controls the secretion of another hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| The sequence of hormone-hormone signaling |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased ECF K+ ___ aldosterone secretion |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased ECF angiotensin II __ aldosterone secretion |
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Definition
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Term
| Inceased ECF Na slightly __ aldosterone secretion |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is necessary for aldosterone secretion, but has little effect on the rate of secretion. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cortisol is stimulated by __ |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does ACTH come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| ACTH is stimulated by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does CRH (cortiotropin releasing hormone) come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Walk through the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) Axis |
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Definition
| Hypothalamus secretes CRH - This stimulates pituitary to secrete ACTH - This stimulates adrenals to secrete cortisol - Cortisol inhibits CRH and ACTH production (negative feedback) |
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Term
| The secretion of too little hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| The secretion of too much hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 2 things that Hypoaldosteronism causes. |
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Definition
Hyperkalemia
Cardiac Toxicity |
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Term
| Name 3 things that Hyperaldosteronism causes. |
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Definition
1. Increases ECF volume and arterial pressure
2. Hypokalemia and ms weakness
3. Increases tubular H+ secretion and causes alkalosis |
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Term
| Occurs when the target cells do not respond properly to a hormone (2) |
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Definition
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Term
| Where the primary defect is of the gland; produces too much/little of the hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| Where the primary defect is due to excessive/insufficient stimulation of the gland. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 3 ways in which you could have excess cortisol secretion. |
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Definition
1. Excess secretion from adrenal cortex
2. Excess secretion of ACTH - which increases cortisol secretion
3. Excess secretion of CRH - which increases ACTH secretion - which increases cortisol secretion |
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Term
| The inability of the adrenals to produce sufficient adrenocortical hormones. |
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Definition
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Term
| 80% involves autoimmune diorders; Most frequently caused by primary atrophy or injury to the adrenal cortices. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex; most of the abnormalities are assoiated with abnormal amounts of cortisol, although excess androgens may also have an effect. |
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Definition
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Term
| Can be due to adenomas of the anterior pituitary |
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Definition
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Term
| Can be due to abnoral function of the hypothalamus, ectopic excretion of ACTH from tumor in the body, or adenoma of the adrenal cortex. |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary aldosteronism; where there is overproduction of aldosterone |
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Definition
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Term
| Where you ave excessive quantities of androgens; primarily effects kids; increases development of genitalia. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 5 ways in which you can test for endocrine disorders. |
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Definition
1. Blood test
2. Urine test
3. Genetics test
4. Imaging
5. Stimulation and suppresion tests |
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Term
| What would be the primary disorder and secondary disorder in Addison's disease? |
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Definition
1 - Adrenal Cortex
2 - Pituitary or hypothalamus |
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Term
| Results in adrenal insufficiency and a hyposecretion of cortisol |
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Definition
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