Term
| What is the most common equine endocrine disease? |
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Definition
| Equine Cushing's Disease--Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction |
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Term
| What are some less common equine endocrine diseases? |
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Definition
Diabetes insipidus
Pheochromocytoma
Neonatal hypothyroidism
Adult hypothyroidism
Primary/secondary hyperparathyroidism |
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Term
| Equine metabolic syndrome is a condition characterized by __________, ________________, and ____________ in horses and ponies. |
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Definition
Obesity
Insulin resistance
Laminitis |
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Term
Which of the following are abnormalities that can occur with equine metabolic syndrome?
a. Hypertriglyceridemia
b. Hyperleptinemia
c. Altered reproductive cycling in mares
d. A and B
e. A, B, and C |
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Definition
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Term
| When diagnosis equine metabolic syndrome, if measuring glucose and insulin in a single blood sample, glucose will be low/normal/high and insulin will be low/normal/high. |
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Definition
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Term
| How is a combined glucose-insulin test for equine metabolic syndrome done? |
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Definition
| Take baseline glucose and insulin-->give 150 mg/kg 50% dextrose IV and 0.1 U/kg insulin IV-->take BG at 5-15 minute intervals for 150 minutes. |
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Term
| What are the treatment options for equine metabolic syndrome? |
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Definition
Dietary modification: grass hay, eliminate concentrates, limit pasture availability
Levothyroxine supplementation
Regular exercise/weight loss
Laminitis monitoring/treatment |
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Term
| Thyroid tumors, while uncommon, can occur in horses. When they do occur, thyroid _____________ are most common and surgical excision is curative. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the common complaints of owners with a horse with "hypothyroidism?" |
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Definition
Fat horses
Cresty neck
Bulging fat pads above eyes
Laminitis |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs observed in surgically thyroidectomized horses? |
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Definition
Lethargy
Poor exercise tolerance
Muscular abnormalities
Decreased body temperature
Decreased appetite
Scaly hair coat
Anemia
Basically, the complaints of owners of "hypothyroid" horses don't match up with the actual signs of hypothyroid horses. |
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Term
| Many times, horses are administered ____________ to treat hypothyroidism with or without diagnostic testing. However, it should be noted that iatrogenic _________________ can be induced by thyroid supplementation due to negative feedback. |
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Definition
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Term
| What lesions in the horse lead to the clinical syndrome of Cushing's? |
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Definition
| Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, or functional adenomas of the pituitary pars intermedia |
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Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of a horse developing equine Cushings: |
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Definition
| Enlargement of pars intermedia caused by decreased dopaminergic innervation-->increased release of pro-opiomelanocortin derivatives (ACTH is one of them) -->end result is increased adrenocortical stimulation and increased endogenous glucocorticoids |
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Term
| The average age of a horse with cushings is _____ years. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the clinical signs associated with Cushing's? |
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Definition
Hirsutism
Chronic intermittent laminitis/sole abscessation
PU/PD
Sweating (hyperhidrosis)
Muscle wasting |
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Term
| What are the clinicopathologic findings associated with Cushing's? |
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Definition
Hyperglycemia
Mild anemia
Neutrophilia
Lymphopenia
Elevated liver enzymes |
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Term
| What is the typical diagnostic test performed for Cushing's? |
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Definition
Dexamethasone suppression test
ACTH stimulation test |
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Term
| What are some treatment options for a horse with Cushing's? |
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Definition
Dopaminergic agonist: pergolide
Serotonin antagonist: cyproheptadine |
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