Term
| What tissues do LH/FSH target? |
|
Definition
| endocrine cells of gonads |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 general functions of LH / FSH? |
|
Definition
1. stimulate spermatogenesis / oogenesis
2. stimulate gonad hormone secretion
3. maintain gonad structure |
|
|
Term
| What happens to LH/FSH levels if an animal is castrated? |
|
Definition
| they increase (no negative feedback of gonad hormones on GnRH secretion / ant pit's response to GnRH) |
|
|
Term
| What hormone effects only the secretion of FSH, not LH? What produces this hormone? |
|
Definition
inhibin
sertoli cells of testes
granulsa cells of ovarian follicles |
|
|
Term
True or False
Secretion of gonadotropins & sex steroids is continuous in humans |
|
Definition
False
It is continuous in males, but cyclic in females |
|
|
Term
| What cells regulate sperm development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells produce testosterone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the gonadotropins discussed in class? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is important that GnRH be secreted in pulsatile fashion? |
|
Definition
| prevents desensitization & downregulation of target glands |
|
|
Term
| A slow pulsatile frequency stimulates what hormone preferentially in women, FSH or LH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A fast pulsatile frequency stimulates what hormone preferentially in women, FSH or LH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is endometriosis? How can you treat it? |
|
Definition
endometrial tissue present where it shouldn't be, leads to bleeding, scarring, inflammation
-administer a GnRH receptor activator, which increases FSH/LH production, will eventually downregulate GnRH activity |
|
|
Term
| What effect does testosterone have in the fetal stage? |
|
Definition
| masculinization of urogenital tract & genitalia |
|
|
Term
| What effect does testosterone have during puberty? |
|
Definition
-growth, maturation of male repro system
-sex drive
-secondary sex characteristics (hair etc)
-increased muscle mass |
|
|
Term
| Why can steroids affect secondary sex characteristics? |
|
Definition
mimics testosterone, so the body produces less
1. Androgens stimulate inhibin production
2. Sertoli cells secrete inhibin, targets ant pit to reduce FSH production & reduce GnRH secretion
3. Sperm & testosterone production stops
4. Loss of libido & fertility |
|
|
Term
| DRAW THE 4 GRAPHS FOR SPERM OUTPUT & MALE CONTRACEPTIVES! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To administer testosterone with the goal of reducing sperm output with no escape, what frequency should you give the injections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does FSH have on ovarian follicles |
|
Definition
| stimulates maturation from primary to secondary to mature Graafian follicles |
|
|
Term
| What causes overt menses in humans and apes? |
|
Definition
| spiral arteries that develop during the cycle of shedding & rebuilding the endometrium |
|
|
Term
| Do dogs & cats shed the endometrium? |
|
Definition
| yes, but no spiral arteries so no bleeding |
|
|
Term
| Do the ovarian & utrine (menstrual) cycles occur simultaneously or separately? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormones are involved with the uterine cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During Stage 1 of the ovarian/uterine cycle, describe the levels of the following hormones:
Estrogen
Progesterone
LH
FSH |
|
Definition
Estrogen - high
Progesterone - low
LH - high
FSH - low |
|
|
Term
| What happens during Stage 1 of the menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
estrogen inhibits LH/FSH/GnRH
FSH decreases, LH increases
estrogen promotes endometrial growth
follicular development |
|
|
Term
| What happens during Stage 2 of the menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
-estrogen stimulates LH surge
-mature follicle matrix dissolves, oocyte released
-corpus luteum forms |
|
|
Term
| What hormone(s) does the corpus luteum release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During Stage 2 of the ovarian/uterine cycle, describe the levels of the following hormones:
Estrogen
Progesterone
LH
FSH |
|
Definition
Estrogen - high
Progesterone - low
LH - high
FSH - low |
|
|
Term
During Stage 3 of the ovarian/uterine cycle, describe the levels of the following hormones:
Estrogen
Progesterone
LH
FSH |
|
Definition
Estrogen - high
Progesterone - high
LH - low
FSH - low |
|
|
Term
During Stage 4 of the ovarian/uterine cycle, describe the levels of the following hormones:
Estrogen
Progesterone
LH
FSH |
|
Definition
During Stage 1 of the ovarian/uterine cycle, describe the levels of the following hormones:
Estrogen - low
Progesterone - low
LH - high
FSH - high |
|
|
Term
| What happens during Stage 3 of the menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
CL secretes estrogen & progesterone to suppress LH/FSH
CL develops, then regresses
progesterone promotes thickening of the cervical mucus barrier, endometrium anticipates pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| What happens during Stage 4 of the menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
estrogen & progesterone production decrease, LH & FSH increase
CL undergoes apoptosis after 12 days
lack of progesterone causes vascular contraction in the endometrium, sloughs off |
|
|
Term
| How many days are there between ovulation & menstruation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone causes an increase in body temperature 1 day after the peak in LH during the ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to body temperature 1 day after ovulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do contraceptive pills work? |
|
Definition
Synthetic estrogen & progesterone simulate a false luteal phase
-the synthetic hormones put negative feedback on the gonadotropin production (suppress LH/FSH production) to prevent ovulation |
|
|
Term
| During menopause, does physiological change occur at the level of the pituitary or the ovaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depleted ovaries (no more follicles) stop producing estrogen |
|
|
Term
| Why are women with slightly more adipose tissue less predisposed to osteoporisis? |
|
Definition
adipose tissue also releases a small amount of estrogen
lack of estrogen is associated with osteoporosis |
|
|
Term
| Why is long-term administration of hormones not recommended to prevent osteoporosis/side effects of menopause? |
|
Definition
Studies that administered estrogen + progesterone increased the risk of breast cancer & cardiovascular isues
Administering just estrogen increased the risk of stroke
Menopause happens for a reason! |
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