Term
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Definition
| have ducts (tubes) which carry secretions (non-hormone) into body cavity/lumen |
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Term
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Definition
| don't have ducts (tubes), secrete hormones directly into blood |
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Term
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Definition
| cell responding to certain hormones via hormone receptors (any cell can be a target) |
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Term
| the master glands of the endocrine system (2) |
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Definition
| hypothalamus and pituitary |
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Term
| connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland |
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Definition
| pituitary stock (infundibulum) |
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Term
| six major hormones of hypothalamus |
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Definition
1. thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
2. gonadotropin releasing hormone (GRH)
3. corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
4. growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
5. growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
6.. Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH) |
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Term
Hormones of the anterior pituitary
(6) |
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Definition
1. hGH (human growth hormone)
2. TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
3. FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
4. LH (lutineinizing hormone)
5. PRL (prolactin)
6.ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) |
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Term
| hGH (human growth hormone) |
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Definition
-ant. pituitary
- stim release of insulin like growth factor
= tissue growth and repair |
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Term
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
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Definition
-ant. pituitary
- stim tyhyroid to make T3/T4 |
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Term
| FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) |
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Definition
in women = development of ovarian follicle/secondary oocyte
in males = spermatogenesis in sertoli cells |
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Term
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Definition
females = develop. corpus luteum of ovary
males= stim leydig cells of testes to produce testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates milk production in mammary glands |
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Term
| ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) |
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Definition
| stimulates adrenal cortex/glands to make cortisol (main glucocorticoid) |
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Term
| Hormones of posterior pituitary (2) |
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Definition
- ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
- Oxytocin |
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Term
| ADH (antidiuretic hormone) |
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Definition
respond to low BP/volume to maintain BP
-decreases urination/perspiration (any water loss) constricts blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| stim uterine contraction and milk production |
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Term
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Definition
| excess hHG in adulthood leading to disproportionate facial features |
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Term
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Definition
| excess hGH pre-puberty leads to giant stature |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| deficient ADH therefore increase urination |
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Term
| the 2 cell types of the thyroid gland |
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Definition
1. Follicular cells
2. parafollicular cells |
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Term
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Definition
from thyroid gland
- makes T3 and T4 thyroid hormone |
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Term
|
Definition
in thyroid
produce calcitonin which brings calcium into bone via blood |
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Term
| Principle actions of thyroid hormone (T3/T4) (6) |
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Definition
1. maintain basal metaboild rate
2. maintain body temp
3. stimulate protein synthesis
4. increase use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP productions
5. stimulate lipolysis
6. CNS development in utero |
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Term
| what increases calcitonin secretion |
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Definition
| high blood calcium concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting the formation and activity of osteoclasts |
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Term
| symptoms of hypothyroidism |
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Definition
-weight gain
-mixederma = facial swelling
-decrease NRG
-hair loss
-dry skin
-constipation
-low body temp |
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Term
|
Definition
| facial swelling (seen in hypothyroidism) |
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Term
| symptoms of hyperthyroidism |
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Definition
exopthalamus (bulging eyes)
- weight loss
-palpitations of heart
-anxiety
-increase appetites
-diarrhea
-extreme fatigue |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| bulging eyes as seen in hyperthyroidism |
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Term
| Function of parathyroid homrone |
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Definition
increase calcium absorption into kidneys
increase bone calcium resorption (increase osteoclast activity)
opposite of calcitonin |
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Term
| what stimulates parathyroid hormone release |
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Definition
| low calcium levels in blood |
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Term
| where is vitamin D produced |
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Definition
|
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Term
| where is vitamin D activated |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is vit. D's role in calcium metabolism |
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Definition
| stimulate calcium absorption in small intestine |
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Term
| where does spermatogenesis take place? |
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Definition
| seminiferous tubules of testes (sertoli cells) |
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Term
|
Definition
| ampula of vas deferens (ductus deferens) |
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Term
| what are the 2 other important structures for semen production? |
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Definition
| prostate and seminal vesicles |
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Term
| what are the 2 main types of cells in the testicles |
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Definition
| sertoli cells and leydig cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| spermatogenisis (nurture growing sperm) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Testosterone + FSH does what in males? |
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Definition
| stimulate sertoli cells to produce sperm |
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Term
|
Definition
| with testosterone = stimulate sertoli cells to produce sperm |
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Term
|
Definition
| stimulate testosterone production from leydig cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| produced by sertoli cells to feed back to ant. pituitary to decrease FSH (halt sperm production) |
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Term
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Definition
| from leydig cells of testes, major anabolic hormone |
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Term
| what is the main mineralcorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| maintains BP via maintain balance of minerals in blood (sodium and potassium) |
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Term
| the main glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex |
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Definition
|
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Term
| functions of cortisol (6) |
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Definition
1. anti-inflammatory
2. catabolic (protein breakdown)
3. lipolysis (fat breakdown)
4. glucose formation (via gluconeogenesis in liver)
5. decrease immune function
6. stress resistance in general |
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Term
| what stimulates the release of glucocorticoids |
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Definition
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Term
| Cushings syndrome (cause and symptoms) |
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Definition
-excess cortisol secretion by cortex
-moon face or buffalo hump
-weak connective tissue
-osteoporosis
-purple striae --> discoloured abdomen/face |
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Term
| Addison's Disease (cause/symptoms) |
|
Definition
decreased secretion of cortisol and aldosterone
the decrease in cortisol = hypoglycemia, wt loss, hyperpigmentation of skin folds
the drecrease aldosterone = low BP
*receptors aren't binding to ACTH, autoimmune |
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Term
| Glucagon is released by _____ cells of the pancreatic islets in response to ______ blood sugar |
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Definition
|
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Term
| insulin is relased by _______ cells of the pancreas in response to ____ blood sugar |
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Definition
|
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Term
| glucagon can _____ blood sugar by stimulating the release of glucose from the ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| key symptoms of diabetes mellitus (3) |
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Definition
polydipsia (increased thirst)
polyuria (increased urination)
polyphasia (increased hunger) |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1st half of female cycle, estrogen is dominant hormone |
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Term
| when does ovulation occur (with what hormone?) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| second half of female cycle, progesterone is dominant |
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Term
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Definition
| day 1-5 of uterine cycle triggered by decrease estrogen and progesterone |
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Term
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Definition
| estrogen grows endometrium of uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| progesterone prepares endometrium for implantation |
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Term
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Definition
| support follicle development and its release of estrogen during first half of cycle |
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Term
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Definition
further supports follicle growth, a surge of LH = ovulation
promotes development of corpus luteum in second half of cycle |
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Term
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Definition
secreted by follicle and female reproductive organs, increases development/vascularization of endometrium
moderate levels inhibit release of GnRH, LH, FSH |
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Term
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Definition
high levels inhibit GnRH and LH
secreted by corpus luteum
prepares endometrium and prep for implant
prepare mammary glands for lactation |
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Term
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Definition
| ant. pituitary promote milk syntehsis |
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Term
|
Definition
post pituitary, milk ejection "let down"
uterine contractions during labour |
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Term
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Definition
help prepare uterus/birth canal for childbirth
myometrium stretches and increase flexibility |
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Term
|
Definition
| inhibit release of FSH and LH |
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Term
| human chorionic gonadotropin |
|
Definition
| pregnancy hormone from chorion of developing embryo |
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