Term
| What are the hormones produced by the Anterior Pituitary? |
|
Definition
GH
PRL
TSH
FSH
LH
ACTH
MSH
B-LPH |
|
|
Term
| Do only glycoproteins, or only proteins come from the anterior pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
| Trick question, it's both. |
|
|
Term
| Comparing anterior pituitary hormones with hypothalamus hormones, which has the longer half-life? |
|
Definition
| Anterior pituitary hormones (proteins/glycoproteins) |
|
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Term
| What are the names of the cells in the anterior pituitary that make protein/glycoprotein hormones? |
|
Definition
Thyrotrope,
Gonadotrope,
Corticotrope,
Melanotrope,
Somatotrope,
Mammotrope |
|
|
Term
| What is secreted from the anterior pituitary's thyrotrope cells? |
|
Definition
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) |
|
|
Term
| What regulates Thyrotrope cells release of TSH? |
|
Definition
| Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) |
|
|
Term
| What neuroendocrine gland produces a hormone that acts on Thyrotropes in the anterior pituitary? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is secreted by Gonadotrope cells (what type of A.P. cell is it, and what hypothalamic hormone regulates it)? |
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Definition
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Lutenizing Hormone
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
(Basophilic-regulated by hypothalamic
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone) |
|
|
Term
| What is produced by a Corticotrope (what type of A.P. cell is it, and what hypothalamic hormone regulates it)? |
|
Definition
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
(basophilic and chromophobic- regulated by hypothalamic Corticotropin Releasing Hormone) |
|
|
Term
| What is produced by a Melanotrope(what type of A.P. cell is it, and what hypothalamic hormone regulates it)? |
|
Definition
alpha-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
(basophilic cell- regulated by hypothalamic Corticotropin Releasing Hormone) |
|
|
Term
| What is produced by a Somatotrope (what type of A.P. cell is it, and what hypothalamic hormone regulates it)? |
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Definition
| Somatotropin aka Growth Hormone (acidophilic cell- upregulated by hypothalamic Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone aka somatocrinin, and downregulated by Growth Hormone-inhibiting hormone aka somatostatin. |
|
|
Term
| What is produced by the Mammotrope (what type of A.P. cell is it, and what regulates it)? |
|
Definition
| Prolactin. (acidophil- regulated by hypothalamic Galanin and pituitary Galanin) |
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids in GH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids in PRL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids in TSH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids in FSH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids in LH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids in ACTH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids in MSH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids in B-LPH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is beta-lipotropin required for some other hormones to work- Yes/no? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Growth Hormone act as? |
|
Definition
| "An anabolic on body tissues" |
|
|
Term
| How does GH interact with cells? |
|
Definition
| Interacting with a specific receptor on the surface of cells |
|
|
Term
| How does GH increase height during childhood? What are a bunch of random facts about GH mechanism/pathway? |
|
Definition
GH- not fat-soluble - cannot penetrate the sarcolemma.
Uses the MAPK/ERK pathway - activates genes to express protein / induce cell division
DIRECTLY STIMULATES DIVISION AND MULTIPLICATION OF CHONDROCYTES
...
Also uses JAK-STAT signaling pathway:
-production of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1 aka somatomedin C) a hormone homologous to proinsulin (IGF-2 aka somatomedin A). |
|
|
Term
| What are some more random facts about Growth Hormone poorly organized? |
|
Definition
1. Increases calcium retention, and strengthens and increases the mineralization of bone.
2. Increases muscle mass through sarcomere hyperplasia (increase in number of muscle cells)
3. Promotes lipolysis
4. Increases protein synthesis
5. Stimulates the growth of all internal organs (excluding the brain): Because evolution, it's encapsulated in a boney skull.
6. Plays a role in homeostasis
7. Reduces liver uptake of glucose
8. Promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver
9. Contributes to the maintenance and function of pancreatic islets (# of cells that produce glucagon and insulin, amylin and somatostatin which inhibit growth hormone, makes negative feedback loop)
10. Stimulates the immune system |
|
|
Term
| How many separate actions does Prolactin, a lactotropic hormone, have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does Prolactin act via endo crine, autocrine, or paracrine means? |
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Definition
| Trick question! it acts via all three. Uses PRL receptors and a large number of cytokine receptors. |
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|
Term
| What effect does prolactin have in birds? Please list in a seemingly random and vague manner. |
|
Definition
an "anti-gonadal effect" (causes cessation of egg production, and induction of "broodiness")
ALSO
Induces hypertrophy of pigeon crop sac and
crop milk production,
development of the brood patch in broody hens,
induction of lipogenesis,
involvement in acute stress responses,
modulates the immune system,
osmoregulation effects, and
regulates feed intake in photostimulated turkeys |
|
|
Term
| How does prolactin affect mammary growth and lactogenesis? (What hormones does it interact with?) |
|
Definition
Interaction with:
Estrogens,
Insulin,
Glucocorticoids,
Progesterone, and
Growth Hormone |
|
|
Term
| During pregnancy, what percentage of the pituitary acidophil population is comprised of prolactin-producing cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prolactin is secreted episodically in what type of chronological pattern? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Prolactin concentration higher in males or females in vertebrate species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do progesterone and prolactin circadian rythms differ? |
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Definition
| Progesterone is secreted in even spurts, while prolactin's spurts increase in magnitude during sleep. |
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|
Term
| In male dogs, what type of rhythm of secretion is also involved? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Broody Female birds have higher or lower prolactin concentration in their blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How would you describe the pulsitile secretion of Prolactin in males? |
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Definition
| A "steady state pulsitile secretion" |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone: what does it do? |
|
Definition
| It stimulates the Thyroid to secrete the T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine). |
|
|
Term
| What other than Thyroid Stimulating Hormone can induce an increase in serum free T3 and T4? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
What controls TSH production?
What produces the TSH - controlling hormone? |
|
Definition
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH).
The hypothalamus. |
|
|
Term
| What is produced by the hypothalamus, and has a down-regulating effect on TSH production? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is most of AVIAN TRH found? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How much MORE TRH is found in the median eminence in birds than in the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| TSH Secretion is affected by which other hypothalamic hormones? |
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Definition
| Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone |
|
|
Term
| The level of blood T3 and T4 has an effect on which endocrine gland? |
|
Definition
| The pituitary (release of TSH)(negative feedback loop) |
|
|
Term
| What avian endocrine control axis is similar to that of mammals? |
|
Definition
| The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) axis. (it's not interrupted by the presence of 2500x greater TRH concentration in the median eminence than in the hypothalamus) |
|
|
Term
| What # peptide is TRH? And, how is it different in birds and mammals? |
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Definition
| It is a tripeptide. And, trick question! they are identical. |
|
|
Term
| What is the end effect of Thyroid hormones binding to TR(thyroid receptor) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) in target genes? |
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Definition
| Gene expression is altered |
|
|
Term
| What type of receptor is Retinoid X Receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is TSH different in Birds and mammals? |
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Definition
| The beta-chain, but heterologous TSHs stimulate thyroid function in birds |
|
|
Term
| The autoregulatroy phenomena whereby the organification of iodide by the thyroid gland is inhibited by elevated levels of iodide is referred to as what? |
|
Definition
| The "Wolff-Chaikoff effect" |
|
|
Term
| How does high temperature affect TSH production by the ant. pit.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does a low temperature effect TSH production by the ant. pit.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is temperature involved in TSH regulation? |
|
Definition
| T3 and T4 are involved in elevated energy metabolism, resulting in body heat production, which feeds back to reduce TSH production |
|
|
Term
| What type of receptor is the TSH receptor (in thyroid cells)? |
|
Definition
| T'is a G-Protein coupled receptor |
|
|
Term
| What environmental factors indirectly cause an increase in T4? (through increase in TRH, and then TSH) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does Ghrelin (from the CNS) have on TSH output? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone is an important component of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis? |
|
Definition
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) |
|
|
Term
| ACTH is produced by the anterior pituitary in response to what environmental factor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACTH is produced from the anterior pituitary in response to what hypothalamic hormone? |
|
Definition
| Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) |
|
|
Term
| On what target endocrine gland does ACTH work? |
|
Definition
| Adrenal Cortex (to produce corticosteroids, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 11 hormones come from splitting up Proopiomelanocortin? |
|
Definition
1. NPP (N-terminal peptide of POMC- aka Pro-gamma-MSH)
2. Melanotropin Gamma (aka-y-MSH)
3. Potential Peptide
4. Corticotropin (aka Adrenocorticotropic Hormone aka ACTH)
5. Melanotropin Alpha (aka a-MSH)
6. Corticotropin-like Intermediate Peptide (CLIP)
7. Lipotropin Beta (aka B-LPH)
8. Lipotropin Gamma (aka y-LPH)
9. Melanotropin Beta (aka B-MSH)
10. Beta-Endorphin
11. Met-Enkephalin |
|
|
Term
| Of the 11 hormones that come from POMC, which are considered endogenous opioids? |
|
Definition
Beta-Endorphin
Met-Enkephalin |
|
|
Term
| From where/what cell type are POMC, ACTH and B-LPH secreted? and in response to what? |
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Definition
| Anterior pituitary. Corticotropes. and in response to corticotropin (CRH) released by the hypothalamus. |
|
|
Term
| ACTH consists of 39 amino acids, but the first 13 can be cleaved off to produce what hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone from the target endocrine gland (adrenal cortex) downregulates (inhibits) hypothalamic CRH secretion? and, is this a fast or slow loop (and how long is the time frame of such)? and, is it a long loop or short loop? |
|
Definition
Glucocorticoids.
Fast feedback. Works on the order of minutes.
Long loop. |
|
|
Term
| How do Glucocorticoids downregulate POMC production? |
|
Definition
| They inhibit the rates of POMC gene transcription and peptide synthesis |
|
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Term
| When an end result hormone, like glucocorticoids, regulates the initial hormone, like POMC, by affecting transcription and translation. Is this a fast or a slow feedback loop? And how fast does it work? |
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Definition
| Slow feedback loop. It works on the order of hours to days. |
|
|
Term
| To which rhythm is ACTH related? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do the half-lives of ACTH differ between human and avian species? |
|
Definition
Human ACTH Half-life=10 minutes
Avian ACTH Half-life=10-15 minutes |
|
|
Term
| In which adrenocortical cell surface MINERALOCORTICOIDS produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which adrenocortical cell surface Glucocorticoids produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which adrenocortical cell surface gonadal steroids produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which adrenocortical cell surface corticosteroids produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After ACTH binds to its receptor, the receptor undergoes a conformational change, indirectly stimulates adenylate cyclase, leading to intracellular cAMP, and activation of Protein Kinase A, eventually leading to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zona Glomerulosa is which zone of the cortex? |
|
Definition
| The thinner, outermost layer beneath the capsule. |
|
|
Term
| Zona Fasiculata is which zone of the cortex? |
|
Definition
| The thick, middle layer between zg and zr. |
|
|
Term
| Zona reticularis is which zone of the cortex? |
|
Definition
| Thin, innermost layer of adrenal cortex. closest to the adrenal medulla |
|
|
Term
| How does ACTH influence steroidogenesis? |
|
Definition
1. Stimulating lipoprotein uptake into cortical cells - increases bioavailability of cholesterol in adrenal cortical cells
2. Increases cholesterol transport into mitochondria and activation of its hydrolysis
3. Stimulating cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, which is the rate limiting step in steroidogenesis |
|
|
Term
| What is the order of steroidogenesis found in the mitochondria of adrenal cortex cells? (starting from Acetyl-CoA, going to Adrenal and Gonadal Steroids) |
|
Definition
| Acetyl-CoA > Mevalonic Acid > Squalene > Lanosterol > Cholesterol > Pregnenolone > Progesterone > Adrenal and Gonadal Steroids |
|
|
Term
| What are the endogenous opioids? |
|
Definition
Alpha-endorphin
Beta-endorphin
Gamma-endorphin
[Leu]enkephalin
[Met]enkephalin |
|
|
Term
| B-LPH (Beta-Lipotropin) is produced by cleavage of WHAT in the anterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
| proopiomelanocortin (POMC) |
|
|
Term
| What major endocrine hormone, other than B-LPH, does POMC produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B-LPH is which terminal end of POMC? and how many Amino Acids long is it? |
|
Definition
| Carboxy-terminal end. And, 90 AA long. |
|
|
Term
| What are the cleavage products of B-LPH |
|
Definition
alpha-MSH
beta-MSH
gamma-LPH |
|
|
Term
| Which lobe of the pituitary gland produces alpha-MSH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Promotes fat mobilization and skin darkening by stimulation of MELANOCYTES... and is a precursor of the endorphins |
|
|
Term
| In amphibians, what is alpha-MSH called? What does it do? |
|
Definition
| Melanophore-stimulating hormone (causes skin changes due to activity of "Chromatophores" (Melanophores-darken, guanophores- blue/green, lipophores-yellows) |
|
|
Term
| gamma-MSH: What does it do? |
|
Definition
Stimulates adrenal steroidogenesis.
cardiovascular/renal regulation.
Promote sodium excretion (natriuresis) |
|
|
Term
| What do Endorphins/endogenous opioids do? What glands produces them? |
|
Definition
Produce feelings of comfort, ease, and have analgesic effects.
The pituitary gland produces them along with the hypothalamus. |
|
|
Term
| Beta-endorphins come from where and go to where |
|
Definition
Pituitary gland-releases into bloodstream
Hypothalamus- releases into brain and spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
| WHy is Beta-endorphin released into the brain and blood separately? |
|
Definition
| Because this hormone cannot cross the blood-brain barrier |
|
|
Term
| What is an alternative name for [Met]enkephalin? |
|
Definition
| Opioid Growth Factor (OGF) |
|
|
Term
| Where is metenkephalin mainly found? |
|
Definition
| In the adrenal medulla and throughout the Central Nervous System. |
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids long is Proopiomelanocortin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucocorticoids suppress ACTH release by inhibiting synthesis of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of neurons produce POMC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the POMC gene expressed in the anterior or the intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland. |
|
Definition
| Trick question! POMC is expressed in both the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland. |
|
|
Term
| POMC Polypeptide precursor has how many potential cleavage sites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which amino acids are most prevalent at the cleavage sites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the peptide products of POMC cleavage? |
|
Definition
Metenkephalin
Leuenkephalin |
|
|
Term
| What are the NNP products of POMC cleavage? |
|
Definition
| Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone aka gamma-MSH aka melanotropin |
|
|
Term
| What are the "Potential Peptide" products of POMC cleavage? |
|
Definition
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Melanotropin alpha (aka alpha-MSH) |
|
|
Term
| What are the Corticotropin-like Intermediate products of POMC cleavage? |
|
Definition
Lipotropin Beta
Lipotropin gamma
Melocyte Stimulating Hormone (aka beta-MSH)
Beta-Endorphin |
|
|
Term
| WHich Disease causes an increased level of ACTH? |
|
Definition
Hypocortisolism (Addison's Disease)
due to elevated cortisol
OR
Adrenoleukodystrophy
OR
Ectopic Tumor around pituitary (Cushing's disease) |
|
|
Term
| WHat diseases can cause lower than normal ACTH values? |
|
Definition
pituitary deficiency
Cushing's Syndrome
Adrenal tumor |
|
|
Term
| Expression of POMC mRNA in the chicken has been detected in which tissues? |
|
Definition
Brain
Pituitary
Heart
Lung
Gizzard
Pancreas
Spleen
Bursa of Fabricius
Skeletal Muscle
Adrenal Gland
Gonads
Kidney
Uropygial Gland
Adipose Tissue
Skin
Eye |
|
|
Term
| alpha-MSH is made in which lobe of the pituitary (due to cleavage of POMC)? |
|
Definition
| The intermediate lobe in amphibians and mammals, peripheral and central tissues. |
|
|
Term
| Where in birds is alpha-MSH present? |
|
Definition
| in the anterior pituitary gland. |
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