Term
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Definition
| One of the germ layers formed during animal embryogenesis. Cells migrate inward along the archenteron, form the inner layer of the gastrula, which develops into the endoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| germ layer between the endoderm and the ectoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| the outermost layer that forms most of the outer body surfaces |
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Term
| Embryonic origin: Pancreas |
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Definition
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Term
| Embryonic origin: Stomach |
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Definition
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Term
| Embryonic origin: Gastrointestinal tract |
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Definition
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Term
| Embryonic origin: Thyroid |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Endoderm (multiple embryonic cell lineages) |
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Term
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Definition
| Endoderm (multiple embryonic origins) |
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Term
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Definition
| Endoderm (multiple embryonic origins) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Embryonic origin: Ultimobrachial Gland |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Embryonic origin: Adrenal Cortex |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mesoderm (multiple embryonic cell lineages) |
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Term
| Embryonic origin: Juxtaglomerular Cells in metanephric kidney |
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Definition
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Term
| Embryonic origin: Pituitary |
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Definition
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Term
| Embryonic origin: Adrenal Medulla |
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Definition
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Term
| Embryonic origin: Brain (hypothalamus) |
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Definition
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Term
| Embryonic origin: Parathyroids |
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Definition
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Term
Function: Non-morphological
Effect: Stimulatory influence on cell activity.
What Hormones? |
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Definition
FSH
LH,
MSH
Calcitonin
Posterior Pituitary hormones |
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Term
Function: Metabolic
Effect: Growth, development, differentiation...
What hormones? |
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Definition
GH
Prolactin
T3
T4
Insulin
Anabolic steroids |
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Term
Function: Physiological
Effect: Effects on musculature (Cardiac muscle)
What Hormones? |
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Definition
Catecholamines,
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide |
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Term
Function: Physiological
Effect: Effects on musculature (Skeletal muscle)
What hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
Function: Physiological
Effect:Effects on musculature (Smooth Muscles)
What hormones? |
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Definition
Estrogens,
Progesterone,
Catecholamines,
Oxytocin |
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Term
Function: Cell Permeability
Effect: Cell Permeability
What hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
Function: Morphological (long-developing effects)
Effect: Growth, development, differentiation...
What hormones? |
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Definition
GH
Prolactin
T3
T4
Insulin
Anabolic steroids |
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Term
Function: Transport across membranes
Effect:Transport across membranes
What hormones? |
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Definition
GH
Prolactin
Glucocorticoids
Thyroid Hormones
Insulin
Steroids in General |
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Term
Function: Homeostasis
Effect: Homeostasis
What hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
Function: Reproduction
Effect: Releasing factors
What hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
Function: Reproduction
Effect: Gonadotropins
What hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
Function: Reproduction
Effect: Steroids
What hormones? |
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Definition
Testosterone
Estradiol
Progesterone |
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Term
Hypothalamic Hormone:
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
What's the target cell and effect? |
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Definition
Somatotrope
Increases release of Growth Hormone |
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Term
Hypothalamic Hormone:
Somatostatin (SRIF)
What's its target cell and effect? |
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Definition
Somatotrope - decrease release of growth hormone
Thyrotrope - decrease release of Thyroid stimulating hormone |
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Term
Hypothalamic Hormone:
Dopamine
What's its target cell and effect? |
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Definition
| Lactotrope - decreases prolactin production |
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Term
Hypothalamic Hormone:
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
What's its target cell and effect? |
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Definition
Lactotrope - Increased Prolactin secretion
Thyrotrope - Increased Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. |
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Term
Hypothalamic Hormone:
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
What's its target cell and effects? |
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Definition
Gonadotropes - increase Follicle Stimulating Hormone
and - increase luteinizing hormone
(cells located in the anterior pituitary) |
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Term
Hypothalamic Hormone:
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
What's its target cell and effect? |
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Definition
| Corticotrope- Increase Adrenocorticotropic Hormone |
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Term
| ~70% of Anterior pituitary |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells located in anterior pituitary (3 types) |
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Definition
Acidophils
Baseophils
Chromophobes |
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Term
| What type of hormones do Acidophils produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of hormones do Baseophils produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of hormones do Chromophobes produce? |
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Definition
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Term
Avian Endocrine System:
13 Primary Glands |
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Definition
1. Hypothalamus
2. Anterior Pituitary
3. Posterior Pituitary
4. Pineal Gland
5. Gonads (ovary and testes)
6. Pancreatic islets
7. Adrenal cortex
8. Adrenal medulla
9. Thyroid glands
10. Parathyroid glands
11. Ultimobrachial glands
12. Kidneys
13. Encocrine cells in the gut |
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Term
| Avian Endocrine System: lesser organs |
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Definition
1. Heart
2. Liver
3. Thymus
4. Bursa of Fabricius |
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Term
| Mammals Endocrine System: 7 Classical Endocrine glands |
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Definition
1. Anterior Pituitary
2. Thyroid
3. Parathyroid
4. Adrenal
5. Pancreas
6. Gonads
7. Kidneys |
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Term
| Mammals Endocrine System: 4 Classical Neuroendocrine glands |
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Definition
1. Hypothalamus
2. Posterior Pituitary
3. Pineal
4. Enterochromaffin cells of the gut |
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Term
| Mammal Endocrine System: 2 Non-classical endocrine glands |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the major anatomical differences between avian and mammalian endocrine architecture? |
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Definition
1. While the thyroid, parathyroid, and ultimobrachial glands are all localized in one area in mammals, they are all found separately in birds, reptiles, and fish.
2. Birds only have a functional left ovary and oviduct.
3. The testes of the bird are located internally, rather than an external scrotum like in mammals
4. The function of the bursa of Fabricious (progenetor of B cells - makes erythrocytes) is the same as that of Bone marrow in mammals |
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Term
| Endocrine Glands: Morphological Features |
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Definition
1. Ductless in nature
2. Highly vascularized
3. Presence of intracellular vacuoles or granules storing hormone |
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Term
| Exocrine Glands: Morphological Features |
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Definition
1. Ducts/ Hollow lumen present
2. Low vascularity
3. Examples: Salivary Glands, Sweat Glands, Gastrointestinal Glands. |
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Term
| What are the 3 Types of Endocrine Glands (and examples)? |
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Definition
1. Follicular types (thyroid, pancreas)
2. Neuronic types (hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal)
3. Cell mass and cell cord types (adrenal, thymus, ovary, testes, skin) |
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Term
| Antidiuretic Hormone: Transported as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Antidiuretic Hormone: Synthesized/Stored in? |
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Definition
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Term
| Antidiuretic Hormone: Secreted by? |
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Definition
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Term
| Antidiuretic Hormone: Site of action? |
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Definition
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Term
| Epinephrine: Transported as ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Epinephrine: Synthesized/Stored in? |
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Definition
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Term
| Epinephrine: Secreted by? |
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Definition
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Term
| Epinephrine: Site of action? |
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Definition
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Term
| Thyroxine: Transported as ? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Thyroxine: Site of action? |
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Definition
| Genome (Type II receptor) |
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Term
| Cortisol: Transported as ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cortisol: Synthesized/Stored in? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cortisol: Secreted by what means? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cortisol: Site of Action? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which two hormones are released from the posterior pituitary? |
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Definition
| Oxytocin and Vasopressin (ADH) |
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Term
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Definition
| Contraction of smooth muscle, allows for milk "let down" in the mammary gland, and in the myometrium for the contraction of the uterus for birth |
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Term
| Vasopressin (ADH) effects |
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Definition
| stimulates reabsorption of water from the distal tubular kidney to maintain blood osmolarity when blood volume or blood pressure is decreased. |
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Term
| Where are oxytocin and vasopressin first synthesized? |
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Definition
| as preprohormones in the cell bodies of magnocellular neurons in the hypothalamus. |
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Term
| How are oxytocin and vasopressin released into circulation? |
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Definition
| The prohormones are cleaved into active hormones during the fast axonal transport from the cell body through the axon in the posterior pituitary and then released into the circulation. |
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Term
| Vasopressin and Oxytocin are released in response to what? |
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Definition
Changes in osmotic pressure
Changes in barometric pressure
Pain
Fright
Stress
Adrenal Insufficiency
Hypoxia
Cardiac Failure |
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Term
| What are the hormones that the Hypothalamus releases? |
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Definition
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHRIH)
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Prolactin Releasing Factor (PRF)
Prolactin Inhibiting Factor (PIF)
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Releasing Factor (MRH)
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Inhibiting Factor (MIF) |
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Term
| What hormones do the Anterior Pituitary (adenohypophysis) produce? |
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Definition
Growth Hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
Beta-endorphins |
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Term
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Definition
| increases Thyroid Stimulating Hormone and Prolactin production by the anterior pitiutary |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone production from the anterior pituitary |
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Term
| What does GHRH and GH-RIH do? |
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Definition
| Causes production or inhibition of Growth Hormone by the anterior pituitary. |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes production of Proopiomelanocortin, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Beta-endorphins from the anterior pituitary, stress |
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Term
| What does PRF and PIF do? |
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Definition
| Causes Prolactin production, and inhibits prolactin production. |
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Term
| What does MRF and MIF do? |
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Definition
| Causes the production and inhibition of melanocyte stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary. |
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Term
| What does Growth Hormone do/target? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does Prolactin do/target? |
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Definition
| Mammary gland/lactogenesis |
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Term
| What does Thyroid Stimulating Hormone do/target? |
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Definition
| Thyroid gland/ production of thyroid hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| E2, Follicular growth/spermatogenesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| E2 and P4, ovulation/androgen. |
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Term
| What does ACTH do/Target? |
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Definition
| Adrenal Steroid production |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does Beta-endorphins do/target? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What Hormones do the Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) produce? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does the Pineal Gland Produce? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does the ultimobrachial gland produce? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the parathyroid gland produce? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does the Thyroid Produce? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does the Adrenal Cortex (outer cortex) produce |
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Definition
| Cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone |
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Term
| What does the Adrenal Medulla Produce? |
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Definition
Norepinephrine,
Epinephrine,
Dopamine, |
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Term
| What do the Gonads produce? |
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Definition
Androgens
Estrogens
Progestins
Inhibin
Relaxin/Oxytocin |
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Term
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Definition
Milk ejection
oviposition
smooth muscle contraction |
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Term
| What does Vasopressin do? |
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Definition
| Antidiuretic Hormone (increases water reabsorption in distal tubules), increases blood volume and blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| maintains sleep, regulates Seasonality, gonad function |
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Term
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Definition
| Calcium metabolism, bone growth (stimulates uptake calcium from bloodstream and lay down bone structure) |
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Term
| What does Parathyroid Hormone do? |
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Definition
| Calcium and Potassium metabolism (stimulates bone cells to break down bone and release calcium into the bloodstream) |
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Term
| What do Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) do? |
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Definition
| Metabolic rate and immunological role |
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Term
| What does cortisol and corticosterone do? |
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Definition
| Carbohydrate metabolism, stress |
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|
Term
| What does aldosterone do? |
|
Definition
| increases sodium retention in kidneys |
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Term
| What does Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine do? |
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Definition
| Alarm reactions, acute stress response |
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Term
| What do androgens and estrogens do? |
|
Definition
| Sexual development/behavior modification |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does relaxin/oxytocin do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the pancreas secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormones do the GI tract secrete? |
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Definition
Gastrin
Gastric Inihibitory Peptide (GIP)
Secretin
CCK
Motilin
Neurotensin
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)
Serotonin |
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Term
| What hormones doe the Kidney produce? |
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Definition
Erythropoietin
Renin-Angiotensin |
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Term
| What hormones do the Heart produce? |
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Definition
| Atrial Natriuretic Factor |
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Term
| What hormones does the liver produce? |
|
Definition
Somatomedin A
Somatomedin B
Somatomedin C |
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Term
| What hormones do other various tissues produce? |
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Definition
Eicosanoids
Growth Factors |
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Term
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Definition
| downregulates blood glucose levels by allowing entry of glucose into cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| upregulates blood glucose levels by initiating the breakdown of glycogen into glucose and release into the bloodstream. |
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Term
| What does Gastrin, GIP, and secretin do? |
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Definition
| HCl and bicarbonate secretion regulation |
|
|
Term
| What does Cholecystokinin (CCK) do? |
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Definition
| Stimulates the digestion of fat and protein |
|
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Term
| What do motilin and neurotensin do? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) do? |
|
Definition
| Blood flow in the GI tract |
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|
Term
| What does Serotonin do? (in the GI tract) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Erythropoietin do? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Renin-Angoitensin do? |
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Definition
| Blood pressure, blood volume |
|
|
Term
| what does Atrial Natriuretic Peptide do? |
|
Definition
| Blood pressure via control of water, sodium, potassium and fat in blood |
|
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Term
| What does Somatomedin A do? |
|
Definition
| Growth stimulation - Fetal |
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Term
| What does Somatomedin B do? |
|
Definition
| Interacts with plasminogen activator system and urokinase receptor |
|
|
Term
| What does somatomedin C do? |
|
Definition
| Growth stimulation - Mature |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do growth factors do? |
|
Definition
| Growth and differentiation |
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|
Term
| When are levels of cortisol highest |
|
Definition
| The morning, and then decrease in the afternoon and evening |
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|
Term
| Secretion of somatotropin is more pulsatile in males or females? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the bird version of oxytocin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the bird version of vasopressin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the role of Vasopressin |
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Definition
| regulation of the body's retention of water. It concentrates the urine. Also, it raises the blood pressure in when released in high concentration by inducing moderate vasoconstriction. |
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|
Term
| When is Vasopressin released? |
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Definition
| when the body is dehydrated, and blood plasma volume is low |
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Term
| Vasopressin decreases this |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Vasopressin increases this |
|
Definition
| Urine concentration, Urine osmolality, and water reabsorption by the kidneys |
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|
Term
| How does Vasopressin increase water reabsorption? |
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Definition
| It increases the water permeability of the distal tubule and collecting duct cells in the kidney. |
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|
Term
| What protein in the kidney's distal tubule and collecting duct cell membrane does vasopressin affect? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Vasopressin acts through which signal transduction pathway? |
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Definition
| AVPr (G-Protein coupled receptors which activate cAMP) (which then increase Aquaporin-2 gene expression in the collecting duct cells) |
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|
Term
| What's vasopressin's effect on the peripheral cardiovascular system? |
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Definition
| it causes peripheral vascular resistance (vasoconstriction) to increase arterial blood pressure. Albeit a small effect in healthy individuals. It becomes an important mechanism for restoring blood pressure in HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK. |
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|
Term
| What are some secondary functions of vasopressin |
|
Definition
1. Delayed reflexes, image recognition, short/longterm memory; released into brain in a circadian rhythm by neurons of the supraoptic nucleus
2. if Released from centrally projecting hypothalamic neurons, it's involved in agression, blood pressure regulation, and temperature regulation
3. Selective AVPr1a blockade prevents partner preference and pair bonding; role in sexual behavior; released from brain during sexual activity; induces male aggression towards other males |
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|
Term
| Vasopressin is mainly released from where? |
|
Definition
| posterior pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| Secretion of vasopressin is a response to what? (A) |
|
Definition
| reduced plasma volume sensed by pressure receptors in the veins, atria of the heart, especially carotid arteries. |
|
|
Term
| Secretion of vasopressin is a response to what (B)? |
|
Definition
| Increases in plasma osmotic pressure sensed/mediated by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus. |
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|
Term
| Secretion of vasopressin is a response to what (C)? |
|
Definition
| Increases in plasma cholecystokinin (CKK). Mediated by an unknown pathway. |
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|
Term
| The neurons in the hypothalamic supraoptic nuclei (SON) and paraventricular nuclei (PVN) that make vasopressin (AVP) are themselves what type of receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 factors that affect vasopressin release? |
|
Definition
1. Ethanol decreases vasopressin release (reduces the calcium-dependent secretion of AVP by blocking voltage-gated calcium channels in neurohypophyseal nerve terminals)
2.Angiotensin II stimulates AVP secretion (keeping with its general pressor and provolemic effects on the body)
3. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide inhibits AVP (vasopressin) secretion (by inhibiting Angiotensin II-induced stimulation of AVP secretion). |
|
|
Term
| What is the avian version of Oxytocin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who first sequenced and synthesized Oxytocin, and in what year was this done? |
|
Definition
| Vincent du Vigneaud, and in 1953. |
|
|
Term
| What type of neurohormone is oxytocin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is oxytocin's role in female reproduction? |
|
Definition
It is released in large amounts after distention of the cervix and uterus during the 2nd and 3rd stages of labor. It facilitates parturition/birth.
It is released in large amounts after stimulation of the nipples and breast-feeding. |
|
|
Term
| In what social behaviors does oxytocin play some role? |
|
Definition
orgasm
social recognition
pair bonding
anxiety
maternal behaviors |
|
|
Term
| What's oxytocin's nickname? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name "Oxytocin" derived from? |
|
Definition
| A corruption of the Greek for "quick labor" |
|
|
Term
| What are the actions of oxytocin mediated by? |
|
Definition
| high-affinity oxytocin receptors (OXTR) |
|
|
Term
| What type of receptor is the oxytocin receptor? |
|
Definition
G-protein-coupled receptor.
It belongs to the class I (rhodopsin-type) group. |
|
|
Term
| What does the Oxytocin receptor (OXTR) require to function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where (what type of epithelium) is OXTR (oxytocin receptors) expressed? |
|
Definition
Myometrium of uterus
Endometrium of uterus at the end of pregnancy
Kidneys
Heart
In the shell gland of laying hens/birds |
|
|
Term
| In what physiological action does OXTR play a role? |
|
Definition
Parturition
Lactation
Oviposition |
|
|
Term
| OXTR functions as a receptor for what? |
|
Definition
Oxytocin Hormone
AND
Neurotransmitter Oxytocin |
|
|
Term
| How does Avian vasotocin differ from mammalian vasopressin? |
|
Definition
| Avian vasotocin results from non-cleavage of the copeptin from the pro-vasotocin in the posterior pituitary. |
|
|
Term
| What is conserved amongst the avian/mammal mesotocin-vasotocin/oxytocin-vasopressin? |
|
Definition
| A specific N-terminal segment of the peptides |
|
|
Term
| What are the hormones produced by the Anterior Pituitary? |
|
Definition
GH
PRL
TSH
FSH
LH
ACTH
MSH
B-LPH |
|
|
Term
| Do only glycoproteins, or only proteins come from the anterior pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
| Trick question, it's both. |
|
|
Term
| Comparing anterior pituitary hormones with hypothalamus hormones, which has the longer half-life? |
|
Definition
| Anterior pituitary hormones (proteins/glycoproteins) |
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the cells in the anterior pituitary that make protein/glycoprotein hormones? |
|
Definition
Thyrotrope,
Gonadotrope,
Corticotrope,
Melanotrope,
Somatotrope,
Mammotrope |
|
|
Term
| What is secreted from the anterior pituitary's thyrotrope cells? |
|
Definition
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) |
|
|
Term
| What regulates Thyrotrope cells release of TSH? |
|
Definition
| Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) |
|
|
Term
| What neuroendocrine gland produces a hormone that acts on Thyrotropes in the anterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is secreted by Gonadotrope cells (what type of A.P. cell is it, and what hypothalamic hormone regulates it)? |
|
Definition
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Lutenizing Hormone
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
(Basophilic-regulated by hypothalamic
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone) |
|
|
Term
| What is produced by a Corticotrope (what type of A.P. cell is it, and what hypothalamic hormone regulates it)? |
|
Definition
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
(basophilic and chromophobic- regulated by hypothalamic Corticotropin Releasing Hormone) |
|
|
Term
| What is produced by a Melanotrope(what type of A.P. cell is it, and what hypothalamic hormone regulates it)? |
|
Definition
alpha-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
(basophilic cell- regulated by hypothalamic Corticotropin Releasing Hormone) |
|
|
Term
| What is produced by a Somatotrope (what type of A.P. cell is it, and what hypothalamic hormone regulates it)? |
|
Definition
| Somatotropin aka Growth Hormone (acidophilic cell- upregulated by hypothalamic Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone aka somatocrinin, and downregulated by Growth Hormone-inhibiting hormone aka somatostatin. |
|
|
Term
| What is produced by the Mammotrope (what type of A.P. cell is it, and what regulates it)? |
|
Definition
| Prolactin. (acidophil- regulated by hypothalamic Galanin and pituitary Galanin) |
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids in GH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids in PRL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids in TSH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids in FSH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids in LH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids in ACTH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids in MSH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids in B-LPH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is beta-lipotropin required for some other hormones to work- Yes/no? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Growth Hormone act as? |
|
Definition
| "An anabolic on body tissues" |
|
|
Term
| How does GH interact with cells? |
|
Definition
| Interacting with a specific receptor on the surface of cells |
|
|
Term
| How does GH increase height during childhood? What are a bunch of random facts about GH mechanism/pathway? |
|
Definition
GH- not fat-soluble - cannot penetrate the sarcolemma.
Uses the MAPK/ERK pathway - activates genes to express protein / induce cell division
DIRECTLY STIMULATES DIVISION AND MULTIPLICATION OF CHONDROCYTES
...
Also uses JAK-STAT signaling pathway:
-production of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1 aka somatomedin C) a hormone homologous to proinsulin (IGF-2 aka somatomedin A). |
|
|
Term
| What are some more random facts about Growth Hormone poorly organized? |
|
Definition
1. Increases calcium retention, and strengthens and increases the mineralization of bone.
2. Increases muscle mass through sarcomere hyperplasia (increase in number of muscle cells)
3. Promotes lipolysis
4. Increases protein synthesis
5. Stimulates the growth of all internal organs (excluding the brain): Because evolution, it's encapsulated in a boney skull.
6. Plays a role in homeostasis
7. Reduces liver uptake of glucose
8. Promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver
9. Contributes to the maintenance and function of pancreatic islets (# of cells that produce glucagon and insulin, amylin and somatostatin which inhibit growth hormone, makes negative feedback loop)
10. Stimulates the immune system |
|
|
Term
| How many separate actions does Prolactin, a lactotropic hormone, have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does Prolactin act via endo crine, autocrine, or paracrine means? |
|
Definition
| Trick question! it acts via all three. Uses PRL receptors and a large number of cytokine receptors. |
|
|
Term
| What effect does prolactin have in birds? Please list in a seemingly random and vague manner. |
|
Definition
an "anti-gonadal effect" (causes cessation of egg production, and induction of "broodiness")
ALSO
Induces hypertrophy of pigeon crop sac and
crop milk production,
development of the brood patch in broody hens,
induction of lipogenesis,
involvement in acute stress responses,
modulates the immune system,
osmoregulation effects, and
regulates feed intake in photostimulated turkeys |
|
|
Term
| How does prolactin affect mammary growth and lactogenesis? (What hormones does it interact with?) |
|
Definition
Interaction with:
Estrogens,
Insulin,
Glucocorticoids,
Progesterone, and
Growth Hormone |
|
|
Term
| During pregnancy, what percentage of the pituitary acidophil population is comprised of prolactin-producing cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prolactin is secreted episodically in what type of chronological pattern? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Prolactin concentration higher in males or females in vertebrate species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do progesterone and prolactin circadian rythms differ? |
|
Definition
| Progesterone is secreted in even spurts, while prolactin's spurts increase in magnitude during sleep. |
|
|
Term
| In male dogs, what type of rhythm of secretion is also involved? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Broody Female birds have higher or lower prolactin concentration in their blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How would you describe the pulsitile secretion of Prolactin in males? |
|
Definition
| A "steady state pulsitile secretion" |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone: what does it do? |
|
Definition
| It stimulates the Thyroid to secrete the T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine). |
|
|
Term
| What other than Thyroid Stimulating Hormone can induce an increase in serum free T3 and T4? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What controls TSH production?
What produces the TSH - controlling hormone? |
|
Definition
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH).
The hypothalamus. |
|
|
Term
| What is produced by the hypothalamus, and has a down-regulating effect on TSH production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is most of AVIAN TRH found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much MORE TRH is found in the median eminence in birds than in the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TSH Secretion is affected by which other hypothalamic hormones? |
|
Definition
| Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone |
|
|
Term
| The level of blood T3 and T4 has an effect on which endocrine gland? |
|
Definition
| The pituitary (release of TSH)(negative feedback loop) |
|
|
Term
| What avian endocrine control axis is similar to that of mammals? |
|
Definition
| The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) axis. (it's not interrupted by the presence of 2500x greater TRH concentration in the median eminence than in the hypothalamus) |
|
|
Term
| What # peptide is TRH? And, how is it different in birds and mammals? |
|
Definition
| It is a tripeptide. And, trick question! they are identical. |
|
|
Term
| What is the end effect of Thyroid hormones binding to TR(thyroid receptor) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) in target genes? |
|
Definition
| Gene expression is altered |
|
|
Term
| What type of receptor is Retinoid X Receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is TSH different in Birds and mammals? |
|
Definition
| The beta-chain, but heterologous TSHs stimulate thyroid function in birds |
|
|
Term
| The autoregulatroy phenomena whereby the organification of iodide by the thyroid gland is inhibited by elevated levels of iodide is referred to as what? |
|
Definition
| The "Wolff-Chaikoff effect" |
|
|
Term
| How does high temperature affect TSH production by the ant. pit.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does a low temperature effect TSH production by the ant. pit.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is temperature involved in TSH regulation? |
|
Definition
| T3 and T4 are involved in elevated energy metabolism, resulting in body heat production, which feeds back to reduce TSH production |
|
|
Term
| What type of receptor is the TSH receptor (in thyroid cells)? |
|
Definition
| T'is a G-Protein coupled receptor |
|
|
Term
| What environmental factors indirectly cause an increase in T4? (through increase in TRH, and then TSH) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does Ghrelin (from the CNS) have on TSH output? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone is an important component of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis? |
|
Definition
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) |
|
|
Term
| ACTH is produced by the anterior pituitary in response to what environmental factor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACTH is produced from the anterior pituitary in response to what hypothalamic hormone? |
|
Definition
| Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) |
|
|
Term
| On what target endocrine gland does ACTH work? |
|
Definition
| Adrenal Cortex (to produce corticosteroids, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 11 hormones come from splitting up Proopiomelanocortin? |
|
Definition
1. NPP (N-terminal peptide of POMC- aka Pro-gamma-MSH)
2. Melanotropin Gamma (aka-y-MSH)
3. Potential Peptide
4. Corticotropin (aka Adrenocorticotropic Hormone aka ACTH)
5. Melanotropin Alpha (aka a-MSH)
6. Corticotropin-like Intermediate Peptide (CLIP)
7. Lipotropin Beta (aka B-LPH)
8. Lipotropin Gamma (aka y-LPH)
9. Melanotropin Beta (aka B-MSH)
10. Beta-Endorphin
11. Met-Enkephalin |
|
|
Term
| Of the 11 hormones that come from POMC, which are considered endogenous opioids? |
|
Definition
Beta-Endorphin
Met-Enkephalin |
|
|
Term
| From where/what cell type are POMC, ACTH and B-LPH secreted? and in response to what? |
|
Definition
| Anterior pituitary. Corticotropes. and in response to corticotropin (CRH) released by the hypothalamus. |
|
|
Term
| ACTH consists of 39 amino acids, but the first 13 can be cleaved off to produce what hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone from the target endocrine gland (adrenal cortex) downregulates (inhibits) hypothalamic CRH secretion? and, is this a fast or slow loop (and how long is the time frame of such)? and, is it a long loop or short loop? |
|
Definition
Glucocorticoids.
Fast feedback. Works on the order of minutes.
Long loop. |
|
|
Term
| How do Glucocorticoids downregulate POMC production? |
|
Definition
| They inhibit the rates of POMC gene transcription and peptide synthesis |
|
|
Term
| When an end result hormone, like glucocorticoids, regulates the initial hormone, like POMC, by affecting transcription and translation. Is this a fast or a slow feedback loop? And how fast does it work? |
|
Definition
| Slow feedback loop. It works on the order of hours to days. |
|
|
Term
| To which rhythm is ACTH related? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do the half-lives of ACTH differ between human and avian species? |
|
Definition
Human ACTH Half-life=10 minutes
Avian ACTH Half-life=10-15 minutes |
|
|
Term
| In which adrenocortical cell surface MINERALOCORTICOIDS produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which adrenocortical cell surface Glucocorticoids produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which adrenocortical cell surface gonadal steroids produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which adrenocortical cell surface corticosteroids produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After ACTH binds to its receptor, the receptor undergoes a conformational change, indirectly stimulates adenylate cyclase, leading to intracellular cAMP, and activation of Protein Kinase A, eventually leading to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zona Glomerulosa is which zone of the cortex? |
|
Definition
| The thinner, outermost layer beneath the capsule. |
|
|
Term
| Zona Fasiculata is which zone of the cortex? |
|
Definition
| The thick, middle layer between zg and zr. |
|
|
Term
| Zona reticularis is which zone of the cortex? |
|
Definition
| Thin, innermost layer of adrenal cortex. closest to the adrenal medulla |
|
|
Term
| How does ACTH influence steroidogenesis? |
|
Definition
1. Stimulating lipoprotein uptake into cortical cells - increases bioavailability of cholesterol in adrenal cortical cells
2. Increases cholesterol transport into mitochondria and activation of its hydrolysis
3. Stimulating cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, which is the rate limiting step in steroidogenesis |
|
|
Term
| What is the order of steroidogenesis found in the mitochondria of adrenal cortex cells? (starting from Acetyl-CoA, going to Adrenal and Gonadal Steroids) |
|
Definition
| Acetyl-CoA > Mevalonic Acid > Squalene > Lanosterol > Cholesterol > Pregnenolone > Progesterone > Adrenal and Gonadal Steroids |
|
|
Term
| What are the endogenous opioids? |
|
Definition
Alpha-endorphin
Beta-endorphin
Gamma-endorphin
[Leu]enkephalin
[Met]enkephalin |
|
|
Term
| B-LPH (Beta-Lipotropin) is produced by cleavage of WHAT in the anterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
| proopiomelanocortin (POMC) |
|
|
Term
| What major endocrine hormone, other than B-LPH, does POMC produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B-LPH is which terminal end of POMC? and how many Amino Acids long is it? |
|
Definition
| Carboxy-terminal end. And, 90 AA long. |
|
|
Term
| What are the cleavage products of B-LPH |
|
Definition
alpha-MSH
beta-MSH
gamma-LPH |
|
|
Term
| Which lobe of the pituitary gland produces alpha-MSH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Promotes fat mobilization and skin darkening by stimulation of MELANOCYTES... and is a precursor of the endorphins |
|
|
Term
| In amphibians, what is alpha-MSH called? What does it do? |
|
Definition
| Melanophore-stimulating hormone (causes skin changes due to activity of "Chromatophores" (Melanophores-darken, guanophores- blue/green, lipophores-yellows) |
|
|
Term
| gamma-MSH: What does it do? |
|
Definition
Stimulates adrenal steroidogenesis.
cardiovascular/renal regulation.
Promote sodium excretion (natriuresis) |
|
|
Term
| What do Endorphins/endogenous opioids do? What glands produces them? |
|
Definition
Produce feelings of comfort, ease, and have analgesic effects.
The pituitary gland produces them along with the hypothalamus. |
|
|
Term
| Beta-endorphins come from where and go to where |
|
Definition
Pituitary gland-releases into bloodstream
Hypothalamus- releases into brain and spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
| WHy is Beta-endorphin released into the brain and blood separately? |
|
Definition
| Because this hormone cannot cross the blood-brain barrier |
|
|
Term
| What is an alternative name for [Met]enkephalin? |
|
Definition
| Opioid Growth Factor (OGF) |
|
|
Term
| Where is metenkephalin mainly found? |
|
Definition
| In the adrenal medulla and throughout the Central Nervous System. |
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids long is Proopiomelanocortin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucocorticoids suppress ACTH release by inhibiting synthesis of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of neurons produce POMC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the POMC gene expressed in the anterior or the intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland. |
|
Definition
| Trick question! POMC is expressed in both the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland. |
|
|
Term
| POMC Polypeptide precursor has how many potential cleavage sites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which amino acids are most prevalent at the cleavage sites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the peptide products of POMC cleavage? |
|
Definition
Metenkephalin
Leuenkephalin |
|
|
Term
| What are the NNP products of POMC cleavage? |
|
Definition
| Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone aka gamma-MSH aka melanotropin |
|
|
Term
| What are the "Potential Peptide" products of POMC cleavage? |
|
Definition
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Melanotropin alpha (aka alpha-MSH) |
|
|
Term
| What are the Corticotropin-like Intermediate products of POMC cleavage? |
|
Definition
Lipotropin Beta
Lipotropin gamma
Melocyte Stimulating Hormone (aka beta-MSH)
Beta-Endorphin |
|
|
Term
| WHich Disease causes an increased level of ACTH? |
|
Definition
Hypocortisolism (Addison's Disease)
due to elevated cortisol
OR
Adrenoleukodystrophy
OR
Ectopic Tumor around pituitary (Cushing's disease) |
|
|
Term
| WHat diseases can cause lower than normal ACTH values? |
|
Definition
pituitary deficiency
Cushing's Syndrome
Adrenal tumor |
|
|
Term
| Expression of POMC mRNA in the chicken has been detected in which tissues? |
|
Definition
Brain
Pituitary
Heart
Lung
Gizzard
Pancreas
Spleen
Bursa of Fabricius
Skeletal Muscle
Adrenal Gland
Gonads
Kidney
Uropygial Gland
Adipose Tissue
Skin
Eye |
|
|
Term
| alpha-MSH is made in which lobe of the pituitary (due to cleavage of POMC)? |
|
Definition
| The intermediate lobe in amphibians and mammals, peripheral and central tissues. |
|
|
Term
| Where in birds is alpha-MSH present? |
|
Definition
| in the anterior pituitary gland. |
|
|
Term
| How many members of the Melanocortin receptor system are there? |
|
Definition
5 known members:
-MC1R
-MC2R
-MC3R
-MC4R
-MC5R |
|
|
Term
| Action of Anterior Pituitary Hormones - Alpha Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (Melanocortin) receptors are what type of receptors? |
|
Definition
7-Transmembrane, G Protein-Coupled receptors
(rhodopsin family) |
|
|
Term
| MC1R is associated with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MC2R is associated is known as what? What is it specific for? |
|
Definition
| "ACTH Receptor" or "Corticotropin Receptor" and it's specific for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). |
|
|
Term
| What is known about MC3R? |
|
Definition
| (not much known about it yet) |
|
|
Term
| What is defects are associated with MC4R? |
|
Definition
| Defects cause autosomal dominant obesity, accounting for 6% all cases of early-onset obesity. |
|
|
Term
| What are MC5R receptors inhibited by? |
|
Definition
Endogenous inverse agonists:
-agouti signaling peptide
-agouti-related peptide |
|
|
Term
| What are MC5R receptors activated by? |
|
Definition
Endogenous agonist:
-melanocyte-stimulating hormones (melanocortin) |
|
|
Term
MC1R:
Potency of Ligands
Antagonists
Primary Functions |
|
Definition
POL:
alpha MSH= ACTH> beta MSH> gamma MSH
Ant: Agouti
PR: Pigmentation, Inflammation |
|
|
Term
MC2R:
Potency of Ligands,
Antagonists,
Primary Functions |
|
Definition
POL: ACTH (specific),
Ant:Agouti,
PR: Steroidogensis |
|
|
Term
MC3R:
Potency of Ligands,
Antagonists,
Primary Functions |
|
Definition
POL: alpha MSH= beta MSH= gamma MSH= ACTH
Ant: Agouti, AGRP
PF: Energy homeostasis |
|
|
Term
MC4R:
Potency of Ligands,
Antagonists,
Primary Functions |
|
Definition
POL:
alpha MSH= ACTH> beta MSH> gamma MSH
Ant: Agouti, AGRP
PF: Energy homeostasis, erectile function |
|
|
Term
MC5R:
Potency of Ligands,
Antagonists,
Primary Function |
|
Definition
PoL: alpha MSH> ACTH> beta MSH> gamma MSH
Ant: none listed
PF: Sebaceous gland secretion |
|
|
Term
alpha MSH involvement in pigmentation:
What is overall pigmentation determined by? |
|
Definition
| The distribution of two pigments eumelanin (brown to black) and phaeomelanin (yellow to red) |
|
|
Term
| Mutations in genes for what enzyme result in albinism? |
|
Definition
| Tyrosinase (it performs the rate limiting step in melanin biosynthesis) |
|
|
Term
| The type of melanin formed in melanocytes predominantly depends on the level of what? |
|
Definition
| Tyrosinase activity (regulated by cAMP) |
|
|
Term
| alpha MSH binds to MC1R in follicular melanocytes: what happens next? |
|
Definition
| amplification/elevation of cAMP activation... Tyrosinase Activity increased... resulting in EUMELANIN SYNTHESIS!!! |
|
|
Term
| From what structure is Agouti-signaling protein (ASP) produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What acts as an antagonist of MC1R? It inhibits eumelanin synthesis in follicular melanocytes and epidermal melanocytes... FACILITATES production of Phaeomelanin, the default product of the melanin biosynthetic pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MC4R knockout causes what? What does this indicate about the MC4R? |
|
Definition
| Hyperphagia (extreme hunger/appetite) and severe obesity; indicates that the alpha MSH receptor normally mediates a tonic inhibitory effect on energy balance. |
|
|
Term
| MC3R knockout results in what? What does it indicate? |
|
Definition
| Mild obesity (without hyperphagia). It indicates an involvement of this alpha MSH receptor in regulating food absorption efficiency and the partitioning of energy stores into fat. |
|
|
Term
| In birds, alpha MSH acts through which receptors? What does alpha MSH binding do? What does Agouti-related protein binding (rather than alpha MSH) do? |
|
Definition
| MC3R and MC4R. alpha MSH binding inhibits food intake. AGRP binding stimulates food intake. |
|
|
Term
| What is Agouti-Related Peptide? |
|
Definition
| It's a neuropeptide produced in the brain and is co-expressed with Neuropeptide Y; |
|
|
Term
| What does Ghrelin facilitate? |
|
Definition
APPETITE INCREASE (AgRP induced);
Metabolism DECREASE:
Energy Expenditure DECREASE; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is leptin usually found ? . |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adrenal Gland
Sub thalamic nucleus
hypothalamus
ALSO
lower expression in testis, kidneys and Lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypothalamic- pituitary- adRenocortical axis |
|
|
Term
| What does the hypothalamic- pituitary - adrenocortical axis release ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Agouti Protein act as? |
|
Definition
| an inverse agonist at melanocortin receptors , MC1 specifically |
|
|
Term
| is Agouti protein paracrine, autocrine , or neurocrine ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Agouti protein do? |
|
Definition
| melanin receptors and Causes hair follicle melanocytes to synthesize pheo Melanin , a yellow pigment , instead Of the black or brown pigment eumelanin |
|
|
Term
| what is the relationship between Agouti/AGRp and alpha MSH? |
|
Definition
| They are inhibitors of alpha MSH |
|
|
Term
| what are additional roles of Agouti and AGRP ? |
|
Definition
| Regulation of lipid metabolism |
|
|
Term
| What is follicle stimulating hormone? |
|
Definition
a hormone synthesized by and secreted by gonadotropes of the anterior pituitary gland
it regulates the development , growth, pubertal maTuration, and reproductive processes of thethe body |
|
|
Term
| With which hormone does FSH act synergistically in the reproductive process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is FSH a glycoprotein or a peptide hormone ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To which hormone's structure is FSH similar ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FSH Stimulates the maturation of germ cells in males or females ? |
|
Definition
| Trick question: Both males and females |
|
|
Term
| in males, what does FSH induce? |
|
Definition
induces sertoli cells To secrete inhibin
stimulates the formation of sertoli- sertoli tight junctions (zonula occludens ) |
|
|
Term
| in mammalian females what initiates follicular growth, specifically by affecting granulosa cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in female birds, what is involved in the development of many tiny follicles days or weeks before they become Competent to ovulate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do Birds have a Luteal phase ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In females, what is the key hormone for Ovarian folliculogenesis and induction of steroidogenesis? |
|
Definition
| FSH is the hormone for those two things |
|
|
Term
| what size follicles Does FSH have an influence on ? |
|
Definition
Less mature, large, yolky follicles,
small follicles
NOT on large preovulatoy follicles |
|
|
Term
| FSH stimulates proliferation and differentiation of what cells, and induction of what and what production. |
|
Definition
| FSH stimulates proliferation and differentiation of granulosa cells, and induction of progesterone and steroid hormone production. |
|
|
Term
| In male birds, FSH does what? And facilitates the long term maintenance of what? |
|
Definition
| In male birds, FSH not only stimulates tubular growth of the testes and spermatogenesis at puberty, but also facilitates the long term maintenance of quantitative normal spermatogenesis |
|
|
Term
| In birds, is FSH controlled by Gnrh? |
|
Definition
| The control of FSH expression and release is not clearly understood in birds. In contrast to mammals, FSH does NOT seem to be controlled primarily by GnRH |
|
|
Term
| Photostimulation, acting by way of what system, increases plasma FSH levels and pituitary FSH levels in chickens |
|
Definition
| It acts by way of the central nervous system. |
|
|
Term
| Estradiol and inhibin play a role in pituitary FSH secretion by way of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What factors, besides estradiol and inhibin, may also play a role in FSH secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FSH and LH are released in what fashion? |
|
Definition
| Asynchronus and Pulsatile |
|
|
Term
| The dynamic pulsatile pattern of FSH release seems necessary for the maintenance of what, in the fowl? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is Luteinizing hormone / LH / Lutropin produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In females, an acute rise of LH (LH Surge) triggers what? |
|
Definition
| Ovulation and development of the corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
| In males, LH (aka interstitial cell-stimulating hormone [ICSH]) stimulates what? |
|
Definition
| Leydig cell production of testosterone |
|
|
Term
| LH works synergistically in mammals, but not in what type of animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LH is essential for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In females, at the time of menstruation, FSH does what? |
|
Definition
| Initiates follicular growth, specifically affecting the granulosa cells |
|
|
Term
| With the rise in estrogen level, what are also expressed on the maturing follicle, that in turn makes the follicle produce an increasing amount of estradiol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At follicular maturation, estrogen rise leads to what? (via hypothalamic interface), and results in an LH Surge over a 24 to 48 hour period? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does LH surge trigger? |
|
Definition
| Ovulation, not only releasing the egg, but also initiating the conversion of the residual follicle into a corpus luteum. |
|
|
Term
| What does the Corpus Luteum do? |
|
Definition
| Produces progesterone to prepare the endometrium for a possible implantation. |
|
|
Term
| What is necessary to maintain luteal function for the first two weeks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the case of a pregnancy, what will further maintain luteal function in place of Luteinizing Hormone? |
|
Definition
| Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) |
|
|
Term
| HCG is very similar to which other hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does LH Support in the ovary? |
|
Definition
| Theca cells - (they provide androgens and hormonal precursors for estradiol production) |
|
|
Term
| What is the trigger for ovulation? |
|
Definition
| LH surge, with some input from FSH |
|
|
Term
| By what pathway are the effects to of LH mediated? |
|
Definition
| Effects of LH are mediated via activation of the adenylate Cyclase pathway and the resulting cAMP induction. |
|
|
Term
| cAMP elevation leads to 3 distinct steps to induce ovulation... What are these three steps? |
|
Definition
A. Stimulation of steroidogenesis
B. Stimulation of cyclooxygenase / lipooxygenase
C. Stimulation of plasminogen activator to convert plasminogen to plasmin |
|
|
Term
| what is the 4th and crucial step in ovulation? |
|
Definition
| LH induced increase in collagenase along with involvement of leukotrienes and prostaglandins as well as plasmin |
|
|
Term
| What does active collagenase do in the ovulation process? |
|
Definition
| causes degradation of collagen in the follicle wall. |
|
|
Term
| what does plasmin do in the ovulation process? |
|
Definition
| causes further degradation of the follicular wall |
|
|
Term
| What does collagen's digestion and break down of collagen fibers result in? |
|
Definition
| It results in an opening of the follicular wall, with the formation of the stigma, followed by the stigma's rupture, which is focused at the apex of the antral (Graafian) follicle (whose follicular wall is degraded). WTF does this mean? |
|
|
Term
| In a superficial and vague manner, state what follicular rupture is facilitated by. |
|
Definition
| Rupture is facilitated by mechanical factors operating within the follicular wall |
|
|
Term
| Prostaglandins and leukotrines cause what in the follicle wall? |
|
Definition
| Smooth muscle contractions |
|
|
Term
| What facilitates LH induced follicular rupture? |
|
Definition
| Progesterone (not estrogen) |
|
|
Term
| Before ovulation, Which hormones' levels increase rapidly? |
|
Definition
| Estrogen and Luteinizing hormone. |
|
|
Term
| which hormone (out of estrogen and LH) falls immediately before ovulation actually happens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the two hormones that rise before ovulation begins, which falls only after ovulation has taken place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two hormones rise right after the ovulation event happens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the two hormones that rise after the ovulation event (progesterone and FSH), which drops significantly then rises again? |
|
Definition
| FSH drops (during the maintained corpus luteum phase) then rises again (then the corpus luteum regresses, follicles grow). |
|
|
Term
| of the two hormones that increase after the ovulation event has taken place (Progesterone & FSH), which maintains a plateau and helps maintain the corpus luteum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two hormones' levels decrease to initiate the beginning of estrus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the steps, in sequence, of the estrus cycle (monoestrous of polyestrus)? |
|
Definition
Monoestrus:
1. Anestrus
2. Proestrus
3. Estrus
4. Ovulation
5. Implantation
6. Gestation
7. Parturition
8. Lactation ->2. proestrus(startover)
POLY: same, except proestrus-estrus leads to metestrus, then diestrus, then back to proestrus. |
|
|
Term
| In the male, what acts upon Leydig cells of the testis and is responsible for the production of testosterone and other androgens that exert both endocrine activity and intratesticular activity on spermatogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The release of LH from the anterior pituitary gland is controlled by pulses of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from which neuroendocrine gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What controls the hypothalamus's pulses of GnRH release? |
|
Definition
| Testosterone from the gonads |
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids is Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is hCG a glycoprotein or a peptide hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes hCG and when is it made? |
|
Definition
| It is made by the developing embryo and is produced during pregnancy. Later, it is made by the syncytiotrophoblast (part of the placenta) |
|
|
Term
| is hCG monomeric or dimeric? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The alpha subunit of hCG is identical to which other hormones' alpha subunit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the beta subunit of hCG unique or does it have commonalities with other hormone's beta subunits? |
|
Definition
| The beta subunit of hCG is unique unto itself |
|
|
Term
| What hormone has been used to induce estrus in farm animals and to induce super-ovulant |
|
Definition
| equine chorionic gonadotroppin (used in conjunction with progesterone to induce estrus in farm animals. |
|
|
Term
| Which animals all have the same beta subunit in the Chorionic Gonadotropin (CG) hormone? |
|
Definition
| Horse, donkey, zebra, (placental CGs) |
|
|
Term
| HCG interacts with the LHCG Receptor and promotes what? |
|
Definition
| the maintenance of the corpus luteum during the beginning of pregnancy. |
|
|
Term
| What does the corpus luteum secrete during the beginning of pregnancy in response to HCG? |
|
Definition
| Corpus luteum secretes progesterone |
|
|
Term
| What does progesterone (secreted by the corpus luteum) do to the uterus? |
|
Definition
| It enriches the uterus with a thick lining of blood vessels and capillaries so that it can sustain the growing fetus. |
|
|
Term
| Due to its highly (positive/negative) charge, hCG may repel the immune cells of the mother, protecting the fetus during the first trimester |
|
Definition
| hCG has a highly negative charge. |
|
|
Term
| It has been hypothesized that HCG may be a placental link for the development of what? And how is this illustrated? |
|
Definition
| hCG may be a placental link for the development of focal immunotolerance as illustrated by the increase in T cell apoptosis in the endometrium after hCG. |
|
|
Term
| LHCG receptor can be desensitized by overstimulation, true or false? |
|
Definition
| True, LHCG receptors can be desensitized by overstimulation |
|
|
Term
| Estrogen and Luteinizing Hormone can upregulate LHCG receptor expression, true or false? |
|
Definition
| True. Estrogen and LH can upregulate receptor |
|
|
Term
| When LHCG receptors are regulated down, what is the effect on production of LH and progesterone? |
|
Definition
| Decrease in production of LH and progesterone. |
|
|
Term
| The severity of morning sickness has possibly been linked to levels of which hormone in pregnant women? |
|
Definition
| HCG levels in pregnant women |
|
|
Term
| Because of its similarity to LH, hCG can also be used to clinically induce ovulation, as well as testosterone production in the testes, true or false? |
|
Definition
| True, hCG is similar to LH, and can be used to clinically induce ovulation and testosterone production |
|
|
Term
| HCG extracted from the urine of pregnant women is used for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HCG also plays a role in cellular differentiation or proliferation and may activate what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Light exposure stimulates the reproductive cycle, true or false? |
|
Definition
| True, Light exposure does stimulate the reproductive cycle |
|
|
Term
| As inhibin increases, what does FSH do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As inhibin increases, what does LH do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As inhibin increases, what does progesterone do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the relationships of FSH LH Progesterone and Inhibin? |
|
Definition
| FSH=LH decreases opposite Progesterone = Inhibin increase |
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamus releases what hormone to the pituitary to affect the reproductive cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In response to GnRH, what does the Anterior pituitary release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does FSH from the anterior pituitary target? And what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Follicles, growth of the ovum |
|
|
Term
| What does LH, released from the anterior pituitary, target? And what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Targets the large follicles, and the small follicles |
|
|
Term
| What does LH do in the large follicles? |
|
Definition
| Stimulates them, and they produce Progesterone |
|
|
Term
| What does LH do to small follicles? |
|
Definition
| Stimulates them, and the produce androgens, estrogens |
|
|
Term
| What does the large follicle produce that has a negative feedback effect on the pituitary to downregulate the production of FSH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the large follicle produce that has a negative feedback effect on the pituitary's production of LH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sequence of hormonal interaction among the hypothalamus, adenohypophysis (ant.pit.), and ovary, resulting in ovulation in hens? |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus (LHRH) -> Ant.Pit. (LH) -> Ovary, produces follicles (follicles produce progesterone) -> negative feedback on the hypothalamus. |
|
|
Term
| Which Hypothalamic Hormones stimulate the ant.pit. to secrete Prolactin? |
|
Definition
| PRH, Dopamine (decreases prolactin secretion PIH), TRH |
|
|
Term
| Which Hypothalamic hormones stimulate the ant.pit. to secrete TSH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hypothalamic hormone stimulates the ant.pit. to secrete ACTH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hypothalamic hormones stimulate the ant.pit. to release (or inhibit the release of) Growth Hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hypothalamic hormone stimulate the ant.pit to release FSH and LH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does prolactin target, and what hormones are eventually released from target? |
|
Definition
| Gonads in birds and mammals (anti-gonadal effect), also Breasts - produce milk in mammals, Crop milk in pigeons |
|
|
Term
| What does TSH target, and what hormones are produced by target? |
|
Definition
| Thyroid gland, and Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) which affect many tissues |
|
|
Term
| What does ACTH target, and what hormones are produced by target, and what are the effects? |
|
Definition
| Adrenal Cortex, produces cortisol, has effect on many tissues |
|
|
Term
| What is the target of GH, and what hormones does the target produce? |
|
Definition
| Liver is target among other tissues, will produce IGFs. |
|
|
Term
| What are the targets of FSH and LH, and what do the targets produce? |
|
Definition
| The endocrine cells of the gonads, and they produce androgens (in males) and estrogens and progesterone (in females)... also effects the germ cells of the gonads directly. |
|
|
Term
| Which hormones come from the ant.pit./adenohypophysis/pars distalis? |
|
Definition
Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH - Polypeptide)
Melanotropins (alpha MSH, beta MSH - Polypeptide)
Lipotropins (beta LPH, gamma LPH - Polypeptide)
Prolactin (PRL - protein)
Luteotropin (LTH - protein)
Growth Hormone (GH / STH - protein)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH - Glycoprotein)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH aka
Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) - Glycoprotein)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH - Glycoprotein) |
|
|
Term
| What hormones come from the posterior pituitary/ pars nervosa / Neurohypophysis? |
|
Definition
Vasopressins (ADH),
Vasotocins (birds)
Oxytocins
Mesotocin (birds)
All are octapeptides |
|
|
Term
| What hormones come from the median eminence? |
|
Definition
| Releasing and Inhibiting Hormones (peptides and others) |
|
|
Term
| Which hormones come from the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
TRH - Tripeptide
LHRH - Decapeptide
FSH-RH - Decapeptide
PIF - Decapeptide |
|
|
Term
| Which hormones come from the Pineal Gland? |
|
Definition
| Melatonin - Acetylated derivative of trytpamine |
|
|
Term
| Which hormones come from the Thyroid glands? |
|
Definition
Throxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) - Iodinated derivative of an amino acid
Calcitonin - Polypeptide |
|
|
Term
| Which hormone does the ultimobrachial gland produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone does the parathyroid gland produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormones do the Thymus Gland produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormones do the Pancreatic Islets produce? |
|
Definition
| Insulin and Glucagon - Polypeptides |
|
|
Term
| Which hormones do thte Adrenal Glands produce? |
|
Definition
Medulla - Epinephrine and Norepinephrine - Catecholamines
Cortex - Corticosterone, Cortisol, Aldosterone, Androgens, Estrogens - Steroids |
|
|
Term
| Which hormones do the Gonads produce? |
|
Definition
Ovary - Progesterone, Estrone, Estradiol, Estriol - Steroids
Testes - Testosterone, Androstenedione |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stimulates adrenal cortical cells to produce corticosteroid hormones
All vertebrates listed the same function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stimulates thyroids to produce thyroidal hormones.
(All vertebrates listed the same function) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of FSH and LH? |
|
Definition
Stimulate gamete function (FSH);
Secretion of sex hormones (LH);
induce ovulation (LH) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Prolactin? |
|
Definition
Amphibeans (Induces water drive / migration) in newts;
Reptiles (various functions in connection with breeding)
Birds (functions in connection to breeding; stimulates pigeon crop milk production
Mammals (Various functions in connection breeding; stimulates mammary growth and lactation) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Growth Hormone? |
|
Definition
Stimulates growth
(All vertebrates listed as same) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Amphibians - Pigment dispersion in melanophores
Reptiles - same
Birds - Feather color; anorxigenic (energy balance)
Mammals - Hair color; anorexigenic (energy balance) |
|
|
Term
| Vasopressin/Vasotocin function? |
|
Definition
| Antidiuretic activity (also, in amphibeans - increases permeability of anuran skin to water) |
|
|
Term
| Oxytocin /mesotocin functions? |
|
Definition
Birds - Stimulates uterine contractions during oviposition
Mammals - Milk ejection during suckling; stimulates uterine contractions during parturition and coitus |
|
|
Term
| Median eminence hormones functions? |
|
Definition
Controls release of pars distalis (anterior pituitary) hormones.
All vertebrates listed as same. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Amphibeans - Metamorphosis
Reptiles - Differentiation
Birds - 1. Differentiation
2. Calorigenic action in regulation of body temperature
Mammals - Same as birds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parathyroid hormone function? |
|
Definition
Increases blood calcium.
All vertebrates listed as same. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Amphibeans - Lowers blood sugar
Reptiles - Relatively insensitive to insulin
Birds - Relatively insensitive to insulin
Mammals - Lowers blood sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Raises blood sugar.
All vertebrates listed as same. |
|
|
Term
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine function? |
|
Definition
Raises blood sugar and blood pressure.
All vertebrates listed as same. |
|
|
Term
| Adrenal Corticosteroids function? |
|
Definition
Na+ & K+ regulation; Carbohydrate metabolism; stress response.
All vertebrates listed as same. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Amphibeans - "Reproductive events"
Reptiles - "Reproductive events"
Birds - Ovulatory events
Mammals - Ovulatory events and gestation |
|
|
Term
| Ovarian and testicular sex steroids function? |
|
Definition
Development of gonoducts; secondary sex characteristics; sexual behavior.
All vertebrates listed as same. |
|
|
Term
| What is the "ULTIMATE Endocrine Gland"? |
|
Definition
| According to Dr. Edens - "The Gut" |
|
|
Term
| What structure in the hypothalamus controls the pineal gland? |
|
Definition
| The Superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the pineal gland located in birds? |
|
Definition
| Between the cerebellum and the Neopallium (sagittal swelling) |
|
|
Term
| What is the sequence from tryptophan to melatonin? |
|
Definition
| Tryptophan -> Serotonin -> Melatonin (released from the pineal gland) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the Pituitary Gland located in birds? |
|
Definition
| Behind the optic chiasma in the brain |
|
|
Term
| Is the avian or the human pineal gland bigger and more sensitive? |
|
Definition
| The avian pineal gland is bigger and more sensitive than humans |
|
|
Term
| What type of chronological rhythm is the cortisol rhythm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus is a biological _________? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the SCN do for the pineal gland? |
|
Definition
The SCN regulates the pineal gland to secrete melatonin in a rhythmic manner
Melatonin's rhythm may synchonize daily circadian events
Jet lag is a lack of synchrony among circadian rhythms |
|
|
Term
| Cells within the pineal gland and hypothalamus are _______ by light stimulation |
|
Definition
Cells within the pineal gland and hypothalamus are affected by light stimulation.
(French experimenter who removed the eyes of hens and observed light exposure effects) |
|
|
Term
| Melatonin production is light-influenced, true or false? |
|
Definition
| True, Melatonin production is light-influenced. |
|
|
Term
| Photoreceptors exist on the pineal gland and hypothalamus, true or false? |
|
Definition
| True. Photoreceptors do exist there. |
|
|
Term
| What type of sexual effect does elevating melatonin levels have? |
|
Definition
| Antigonadal effect. Diurnal vs Nocturnal. |
|
|
Term
| What's another "common name" for melatonin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Melatonin is only produced in the (Dark/Light)? |
|
Definition
| Melatonin is only produced in the dark. Secreted at night when sleeping. It is the chemical messenger that transmits information about the light-dark cycles to the brain center that governs the body's biological clock. |
|
|
Term
| Can a circadian rhythm be reset? |
|
Definition
| Yes, a circadian rhythm can be reset by traveling to a different time zone. |
|
|
Term
| In chickens and mammals, what type of endocrine gland is the pineal gland? |
|
Definition
| It is the follicular type of gland. There is lymphoid tissue associated with the pineal gland. |
|
|
Term
| Does the immune system fall under effects of melatonin production? |
|
Definition
| Yes, the immune system falls under the effect of melatonin production. |
|
|
Term
| One can change melatonin secretion in birds by changing what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Melatonin anti-gonadal effects: List for Turkeys, Rats, and Humans... |
|
Definition
| Antigonadal effects exist in Rats (M&F), Humans (M&F), and Turkeys (just females) |
|
|
Term
| As melatonin goes up, what goes down? |
|
Definition
Core body temperature
Subjective alertness |
|
|
Term
| As melatonin goes up, what also goes up? |
|
Definition
Triacylglycerol concentration
Performance reaction time (takes longer to do things - sleepier) |
|
|
Term
| Is there a significant difference in the melatonin production of the different sexes? |
|
Definition
| No. No difference bewteen the sexes. |
|
|
Term
| In younger people, is the production of melatonin higher or lower than that of elderly people? |
|
Definition
| It's higher in younger people than in older people. |
|
|
Term
| In younger people, is melatonin production onset earlier or later than that of elderly people? |
|
Definition
| It's earlier than elderly people. |
|
|
Term
| Which light-phase will have the lowest levels of melatonin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pineal extraction promotes elevated physical activity, true or false? |
|
Definition
| True. Pineal gland extraction promotes physical activity levels |
|
|
Term
| Melatonin produced in the eye acts via which manner of endocrine transmission? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lower melatonin levels will be found in normal or in pinealectomized animals? |
|
Definition
| Lower melatonin will be found in pinealectomized animals |
|
|
Term
| Melatonin inhibitory reproductive function |
|
Definition
Antigonadal due to short photoperiods, but prevented if pinealectomized
Antigonadal if optic nerve is severed regardless of photoperiod length
Advanced sexual maturation in if photoperiod is long or continuous |
|
|
Term
| Reproductive stimulation by melatonin |
|
Definition
| Short scotophase stimulates reproduction in long day breeders (chickens) but inhibits reproduction in short day breeders |
|
|
Term
| Melatonin antigonadal effects via FSH and LH |
|
Definition
| Antigonadal effect due to decreased FSH and LH secretion from ant.pit.; prevented by pinealectomy |
|
|
Term
| Synthesis of melatonin controlled via what? |
|
Definition
| Via activity of the circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. |
|
|
Term
| What precursor of melatonin is increased during the photophase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is melatonin produced? |
|
Definition
| N-acetyltransferase increases in scotophase, yielding N-acetylserotonin; then, hydroxindol-O-methyltransferase subsequently increases to produce melatonin. |
|
|
Term
| How is melatonin biosynthesis accomplished? |
|
Definition
| It's accomplished via suprachiasmatic nucleus norepinephrine stimulation of pinealocyte beta 1-adrenergic receptors |
|
|
Term
| Is melatonin present in all vertebrate animals? When is the peak level of melatonin ? When is the lowest level of melatonin observed? |
|
Definition
| Yes. Melatonin is present in all vertebrate animals. Peak levels are seen midscotophase (dark phase), lowest levels are seen in midphotophase (light phase) |
|
|
Term
| Increased melatonin promotes decreased physical activity and sleep, true or false? |
|
Definition
| True. Increasing melatonin promotes decreased physical activity. And promotes sleep. |
|
|
Term
| Pineal rhythms entrains biological clocks for physiological function on a circadian basis. Yes or no? |
|
Definition
| Yes. Pineal rhythms entrain biological clocks for physiological functions on a circadian basis. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the circadian rhythms really set in motion? |
|
Definition
| The suprachiasmatic nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Circadian rhythmicity is based on what, metabolically? |
|
Definition
| Based on circadian glucose utilization. |
|
|
Term
| What is the "pacemaker" for pineal activity? |
|
Definition
| The suprachiasmatic nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Can circadian rhythm be lost with pinealectomy or ablation of SCN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's an interesting fact about pineal transplant donor/ recipient relationship? |
|
Definition
| The recipient of the pineal gland will acquire the rhythms of that of the donor. |
|
|
Term
| Circadian rhythmicity is controlled at the molecular level by what structures? |
|
Definition
| It is controlled at the molecular level by the SCN and in the pineal gland. |
|
|
Term
| Circadian rhythmicity develops along with aging, in mammals. At birth what is it, in early ages what is it, and in elderly what level of circadian rhythm is there? |
|
Definition
| C.R. is absent at birth, increased during early ages, and diminished in the elderly. |
|
|
Term
| Which hormone appears to have an "anti-aging" influence? |
|
Definition
| Melatonin seems to have an anti-aging influence |
|
|
Term
| What hormone can phase-shift circadian physiological functions? |
|
Definition
| Melatonin can phase shift physiological functions. |
|
|
Term
| Retinal melatonin is linked to rod/cone responses to photo/scotophase actions. True or False? |
|
Definition
| True. Retinal melatonin is linked to rod/cone responses to photo/scotophase actions. |
|
|
Term
| Ocular melatonin contributes to persistent melatonin rhythmicity, even in pinealectomized animals, true or false? |
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Definition
| True. Ocular melatonin contributes to persistent melatonin rhythmicity, even in pinealectomized animals. |
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Term
| Which animals have directly photosensitive pineal glands, aka they synthesize and secrete melatonin in the absence of light (regardless of optical exposure)? |
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Definition
| Birds, Teleosts (Fish), Cyclosomes (?), elasmobranches, amphibeans, and reptiles. |
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Term
| By which receptors does melatonin act (which type)? |
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Definition
| Melatonin acts via G-protein-coupled receptors |
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