Term
| MC Tumor of the adrenal gland in adults |
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Definition
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Term
| MC Tumor of that adrenal gland in children |
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Definition
| Neuroblastoma (no episodic HTN) |
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Term
| Embryological origin of Adrenal cortex |
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Definition
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Term
| Embryological origin of Adrenal medulla |
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Definition
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Term
| Embryological origin of posterior pituitary |
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Definition
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Term
| Embryological origin of anterior pituitary |
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Definition
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Term
| hormones w/ common alpha subunit |
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Definition
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Term
| Hormones produced by acidophils |
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Definition
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Term
| Hormones produced by pituitary basophils |
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Definition
B-Flat: B for basophils
1. FSH
2. LH
3. ACTH
4. TSH |
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Term
| product of pancreatic delta islet cells |
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Definition
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Term
| insulin-dependent glucose uptake channel(s) and location |
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Definition
GLUT-4
Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue |
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Term
| non-insulin dependent glucose transporter(s) and location |
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Definition
GLUT-1, 2,3, 5
Brain and RBCs and Kidneys and everywhere else |
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Term
| Dopamine's affects on PRL |
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Definition
| dopamine inhibits PRL secretion, but PRL stimulates dopamine secretion |
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Term
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Definition
In females, PRL inhibits GnRH and thus ovulation.
Prolactinoma is a cause of amenorrhea |
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Term
| Hypathalamic source of Oxytocin and ADH |
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Definition
| Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei |
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Term
| MCC of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia |
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Definition
| 21 Hydroxylase deficiency |
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Term
| Sx of 21-Hydroxylase deficiency |
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Definition
| hypotension and hyperkalemia |
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Term
| Renal site of action for PTH |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
↑ Serum Ca
↓ Serum Phosphate
↑ urine Phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
Increase Vit D production: ↑ PTH, ↓ serum Ca, ↓ PO4
Decrease Vit D production: ↑ Vit D |
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Term
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Definition
Men: ↑ SHBG → ↓ free testo → gynecomastia
Women: ↓ SHBG → ↑ free testo → hirsutism |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates bone growth (synergistic w/ GH) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ↑ B1 receptors in heart = ↑ CO, HR, SV and contractility |
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Term
| Mechanism by which T3 ↑BMR |
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Definition
| via ↑ Na/K ATPase activity → ↑ O2 consumption, RR, and body temperature |
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Term
| enzyme that oxidizes and organifies iodide in the thyroid |
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Definition
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Term
| enzyme that couples MIT and DIT |
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Definition
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Term
| MCC of Cushing's Syndrome |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 21 hydroxylase deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 11 Beta-hydroxylase deficiency Conn's Syndrome/Aldo secreting tumor |
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Term
| Dexamethasone suppression test |
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Definition
Effects on Cortisol
Healthy: ↓ after low dose
ACTH-producing pitutary adenoma: only ↓ after high dose
Ectopic ACTH production (SCLC): can't ↓
Cortisol-prucing tumor: Can't ↓ |
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Term
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Definition
| HTN, HypOkalemia, metabolic alkalosis, and ↓ plasma renin |
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Term
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Definition
| Kidney perception of low intravascular volume: CHF, nephrotic syndrome, RAS, CRF, cirrhosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Spironolactone (aldo-antagonist/K-sparing diuretic) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1o adrenal insufficiency (↓ cortisol and aldo) due to adrenal atrophy or destruction by dz involving all 3 cortical divisions. |
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Term
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Definition
| hypOtension (hyponatremic volume contraction), Hyperkalemia, skin hyperpigmentation |
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Term
| difference b/w Addison's and 2o adrenal insufficiency |
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Definition
| 2o (↓ pituitary ACTH): no hyperpigmentation and no hyperkalemia |
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Term
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Definition
| Acute adrenocortical insufficiency due to adrenal hemorrhage associate w/ meningococcal septicemia |
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Term
| Screening for Pheochromocytoma |
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Definition
In setting of periodic "spells":
increased Urinary VMA, catecholamines, and metanephrines or plasma metanephrines |
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Term
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Definition
5 Ps:
Pressure- sudden major increase in BP
Pain- abrupt throbbing HA, CP, abd pain
Perspiration- generalized and diffuse
Palpitations- often w/ panic or anxiety
Pallor of the skin from vasoconstriction |
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Term
| Syndromes Assoc. w/ pheos |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
10% malignant
10% bilateral
10% extra-adrenal
10% familial (MEN 2A/B and VHL) |
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Term
| Oncogene assoc. w/ neuroblastoma |
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Definition
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Term
| Screening test for Neuroblastoma |
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Definition
| elevated urine HVA (breakdown produce of dopamine) |
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Term
| location of neurblastomas |
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Definition
| Adrenal medulla or anywhere along the sympathetic chain |
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Term
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Definition
Wermer's Syndrome (3 Ps)
Parathyroid tumors
Pituitary Tumors (prolactinomas or GH)
Pancreatic endocrine tumors- Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, insulinomas, VIPomas, glucagonomas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sipple's Syndrome MTC (↑ Calcitonin) Pheo Hyperparathyroid |
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Term
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Definition
MTC (↑ Calcitonin)
Pheo
Mucosal (oral/gut) ganglioneuromatosis
Marfanoid habitus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Coarse and brittle Hair (hypo or hyperthyroidism) |
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Definition
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Term
| Menorrhagia (hypo or hyerthyroidism) |
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Definition
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Term
| Fine hair (hypo or hyerthyroidism) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Auto-Ab assoc. Hashimoto's |
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Definition
| Anti-microsomal (Anti-TPO) and anti-thyroglobulin |
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Term
| Type of infiltrate seen in Hashimoto's |
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Definition
| Lymphocytic w/ germinal centers |
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Term
| Tender thyroid w/ jaw pain following a URI |
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Definition
| de Quervain's/sub-acute thyroiditis |
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Term
| Histology of Subacute thyroiditis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Thyroid replaced by fibrous tissue causing hypothyroid
Fixed, hard and painless goiter |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What type of HSE rxn is Graves? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When a pt w/ I2 deficiency is made I2 replete and thyrotoxicosis results |
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Term
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Definition
Laminated calcifications (PSaMMoma):
1. Papillary Thyroid Cancer
2. Serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary (malignant)
3. Meningioma
4. Malignant Mesothelioma |
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Term
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Definition
Focal patches of hyperfunctioning follicular cells working independently of TSH due to mutation in TSH receptor.
Increases release of T3 and T4.
Nodules are not malignant. |
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Term
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Definition
| ground glass nuclei of PTC |
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Term
| MC type of thyroid Cancer |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of thyroid cancer w/ increased risk caused by radiation as a child |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of Thyroid cancer w/ uniform follicles |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of thyroid cancer w/ sheets of cells in amyloid stroma |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of thyroid cancer assoc. w/ older pts |
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Definition
| Undifferentiated/anaplastic |
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Term
| Type of thyroid cancer assoc. w/ Hashimoto's |
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Definition
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Term
| Pot-bellied, pale, puffy-faced child w/ protruding umbilicus and proturberant tongue |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fetal hypothyroidism, defect in T4 formation, or failure in thyroid development |
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Term
| Tx of Acromegaly/gigantism |
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Definition
| resection of pituitary adenoma and octreotide administration (GH antagonist) |
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Term
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Definition
↑ serum IGF-1
inability to suppress GH following oral GTT |
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Term
| Presentation of 1o hyperparathyroidism |
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Definition
| Asx or weakness and constipation |
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Term
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Definition
| Cystic bone lesions filled w/ brown fibrous tissue seen in 1o hyperparathyroidism |
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Term
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Definition
| All parathyroid glands are hypertrophied usually from chronic renal dz |
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Term
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Definition
| bone lesions from 2o hyperparathyroidism caused by renal dz |
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Term
| Causes of hypoparathyroidism |
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Definition
Accidental surgical resection
Autoimmune destruction
DiGeorge Syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| defect in formation of the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches leading to an absent parathyroid and thymus. |
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Term
| Findings in Hypoparathyroidism |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tapping on facial nerve causing contraction of facial muscles sign of low calcium in hypoparathyroidism |
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Term
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Definition
carpal spasm after inflation of BP cuff
sign of hypocalcemia caused by hypoparathyroidism |
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Term
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Definition
| auto-dominant kidney unresponsiveness to PTH Hypocalcemia, shortened 4th and 5th digits, short stature |
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Term
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Definition
CHIMPANZEES
Ca ingestion
Hyperparathyroid/Hyperthyroid
Iatrogenic (thiazides)
Malignancy
Paget's Dz
Addison's Dz
Neoplasms
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrom
Excess Vitamin D
Excess Vit A
Sarcoidosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Amenorrhea, galactorrhea, low libido, infertility, visual disturbances (bitemporal hemianopia) |
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Term
| MC type of pituitary adenoma |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cabergolin or Bromocriptine (dopamine agonists) |
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Term
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Definition
| hemorrhage, exudates, microaneurysms and vessel proliferation |
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Term
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Definition
Life-threatening mucormycosis
Rhizopus infx
Cerebral edema
Cardiac arrythmias
Heart failure |
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Term
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Definition
| K, fluids, insulin and glucose |
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Term
| Causes of Central Diabetes insipidus |
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Definition
Pituitary tumor
trauma
surgery
histiocytosis X |
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Term
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Definition
1. hypercalcemia
2. hypokalemia
3. Drugs: demeclocyclin, lithium |
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Term
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Definition
| Water Deprivation test and response to desmopressin |
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Term
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Definition
adequate H2O intake
Central: intranasal desmopressin
Nephrogenic: thiazide, amiloride, indomethicin to prevent hypokalemia |
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Term
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Definition
Demeclocycline (ADH antagonist)
H2O restriction |
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Term
| Possible complication of SIADH |
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Definition
Seizures caused by hyponatremia
Must correct slowly |
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Term
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Definition
1. Ectopic ADH (SCLC)
2. CNS/head trauma
3. Pulm dz
4. Drugs (cyclophosphamide, e.g.) |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by carcinoid tumors (serotonin-secreting tumors).
Usually metastatic small bowel tumors |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Diarrhea 2. cutaneous flushing 3. wheezing 4. right-sided valvular dz Elevated urine 5-HIAA |
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Term
| rule of 1/3 in carcinoid syndrome |
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Definition
1/3 metastisize
1/3 present w/ 2nd malignancy
1/3 multiple |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| DM drugs that cause hypoglycemia |
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Definition
| 1. Insulin 2. sulfonylureas 3. pramlintide |
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Term
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Definition
| -ide (glyburide, glipizide, glimeperide) |
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Term
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Definition
| close K+ channel of beta-islet cells → depolarization and release of endogenous insulin |
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Term
| DM drugs that cause weight gain |
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Definition
1. Insulin
2. sulfonylureas
3. TZDs |
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Term
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Definition
| Lactic Acidosis in renal insufficiency or hepatic dysf(x) |
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Term
| MOA of Glitazones/TZD (pio and rosi) |
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Definition
| insulin sensitizer → increases target cells response to insulin by interacting with the PPAR-gamma. |
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Term
| Side effects of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
↑ insulin and ↓ glucagon
analog of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) by facilitating glucose-stimulated insulin release |
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Term
| DM drug that causes weight loss |
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Definition
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Term
| Difference b/w MOA of propylthiouracil and methimmazole |
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Definition
| PTU inhibits converstion of T4 to T3 in the thyroid and in the periphery. Methimazole is a more potent inhibitor but it only works in the thyroid |
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Term
| SE of PTU and methimazole |
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Definition
| 1. rash 2. Agranulocytosis 3. aplastic Aneima |
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Term
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Definition
Bone and teeth abnormalities
nephrogenic DI
Photosensitivity |
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Term
| Embryonal origin of thyroid parafollicular cells |
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Definition
| neural crest cells and the 4th pharyngeal pouch |
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Term
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Definition
f(x): nuclear transcription
mutation: amplification
Ca: neuroblastoma |
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Term
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Definition
f(x): receptor synthesis
mutation: point mutation
ca: MEN IIa/IIb |
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Term
| Von Hippel Lindau MOI and characteristics |
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Definition
Auto-Dominant Chrom 3
1. Cavernous Hemangiomas in skin, mucosa, organs
2. Renal Cell Carcinoma or hemangioblastoma of retina, brain stem, cerebellum
3. Pheochromocytomas |
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Term
| FSH and LH action in dudes |
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Definition
FSH -> Sertoli cells -> Inhibin B and Androgen Binding Protein (ABP)
LH -> Leydig cell -> Testo |
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Term
| Most reliable test to confirm menopause |
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Definition
| Serum FSH (will be elevated in menopause b/c of lack of feedback inhibation from estro) |
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Term
| Peripherally produced estrogen |
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Definition
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Term
| way to measure adrenal androgens |
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Definition
| urine 17-ketosteroid assay |
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Term
| Location of steroid and thyroid hormone receptors |
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Definition
Steroid- cyto
Thyroid hormone- nucleus |
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Term
| Glucocorticoids effects on immune system |
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Definition
1. ↑ PMN (demarginalization)
2. ↓ Eosinophils, basophils and lymphocytes (T > B)
3. inhibition of Ig formation
4. causes lymphocyte apoptosis
5. inhibits monocyte differention into MAC (↓ Ag presentation to T-cells) |
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Term
| pathogenesis of pituitary apoplexy |
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Definition
| hemorrhage into a pituitary adenoma |
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Term
|
Definition
Sx of tumor present progressing insidiously then:
sudden server HA
signs of meningeal irritation,
CN paralysis
bitemporal hemianopia
CV collapse b/c of loss of adrenocortical f(x) |
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Term
| Differenc in presentation of intracranial hemorrhage and pituitary apoplexy |
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Definition
| pituitary apoplexy will present with a bitemporal hemianopia |
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Term
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Definition
if not too much, can be converted to fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase
In liver and seminiferous tubules |
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Term
| shock + hyponatremia + hyperkalemia + low glucose |
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Definition
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|
Term
| adrenal crisis w/ fever, petechial rash, nuchal rigidity and vomiting |
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Definition
| = Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome due to meningococcal septicemia |
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Term
|
Definition
Lispro
Aspart
regular
glulisine
crystaline zinc insuline (CZI) |
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Term
|
Definition
Glargine (best)
NPH
Lente
ultralente
detemir |
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Term
|
Definition
| rapid deep breathing seen in pts w/ DKA |
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