Term
|
Definition
Formation of specialized generative cells (spermatogonia/oogonia)
undergo meiosis to form gametes (oocyte/sperm) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Takes place in uterine tube where sperm and oocyte fuse to form zygote |
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Term
|
Definition
division of zygote by mitosis forming morula
24 hours after fertilization |
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Term
|
Definition
| step after zygote with multicellular structure until 32 cell stage |
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Term
|
Definition
| morula differentiates into embryoblast (inner) and trophoblast (outer) |
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Term
|
Definition
| embryo at 32 cell stage where fluid enters between embroblast and trophoblast |
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Term
|
Definition
embryoblast proliferates and forms three germ layers
week 3 |
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Term
|
Definition
CNS is formed
part of ectoderm forms neuroectoderm and neural tube
week 3/4 |
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Term
|
Definition
disk embryo folds into a cylinder, with cranial and caudal ends moving ventrally
week 4 |
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Term
|
Definition
formation of organ primordia
week 4-8 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| determined by prechordal plate appearance at 14 days |
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Term
|
Definition
determined at blastocyst formation 4-5 days
inner cell mass facing blastocystic cavity is ventral |
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Term
|
Definition
determined during gastrulation at 15-16 days
left/right cells express different proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| manipulation of gene expression to make certain cells specialize |
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Term
| totipotent (timeline also) |
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Definition
can become any type of embryonic cell
up to 16 cell morula |
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Term
| pluripotent (timeline also) |
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Definition
can develop to any of three germ layers
inner cell mass |
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Term
|
Definition
| limited development lineage, e.g. hematopoietic or neural |
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Term
|
Definition
| cells that have transmembrane proteins that interact with identical proteins to adhere. gives rise to segregation of cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| proliferation of cells to form a mass. interior cells apoptose and leave lumen |
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Term
|
Definition
| movement of vesicles to center of cell mass and fusing to form lumen |
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Term
| types of morphogenic movement |
|
Definition
epiboly
intercalation
convergent extension
invagination
ingression
involution |
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Term
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Definition
| sheet of cells spreads out while becoming thinner |
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Term
|
Definition
| two or more layers of cells squeeze between each other to widen |
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Term
|
Definition
| intercalation with unidirectional movement |
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Term
|
Definition
| formation of a pocket from cells of a layer |
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Term
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Definition
| certain cells change their characteristics and fall out of the layer |
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Term
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Definition
| a layer of cells rolls underneath itself to forma new layer |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of signaling that depends on cell contact |
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Term
| congenital anomaly classification |
|
Definition
severity
mechanism (pathogenesis)
clinical presntation |
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Term
| mechanisms of birth defects |
|
Definition
malformation
dysplasia
disruption
deformation |
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Term
|
Definition
| morphologic defect of organ or area from abnormal developmental process (intrinsic) |
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Term
|
Definition
| specific malformation characterized by abnormal growth and organization of cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| extrinsic interference on the morphology of the fetus (teratogen) |
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Term
|
Definition
| mechanical forces that causes abnormal form or position |
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Term
| multiple anomaly division |
|
Definition
sequence
syndrome
association |
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Term
|
Definition
a single developmental defect causes secondary/tertiary defects
can be traced back to original event |
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Term
|
Definition
| defined, well-recognized constellation of anomalies that are predictable and due to a single cause |
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Term
|
Definition
| a cluster of anomalies that don't have a set etiology or predictable pattern, but often occur together |
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Term
|
Definition
meiosis-results in aneuploid
post fertilization-results in mosaicism |
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Term
|
Definition
autosomal-three types are post-zygotic potent
sex-recognized during puberty |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1:800
Mental deficiency, brachycephaly, flat nasal bridge, transverse palmar crease, GI abnormalitites |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1:8000
Edwards syndrome
mental deficiency, growth retardation, short sternum, low set ears, flexed digits. 5-15 day expectancy |
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Term
|
Definition
1:12,000
Patau syndrome
mental deficiency, CNS problems, sloping forehead, scalp defects, bilateral cleft lip/palate. 2-3 day expectancy |
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Term
|
Definition
female 1:1000
normal in appearance, 15-20% mentally deficient |
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Term
|
Definition
male 1:1000
Klinefelter syndrome
small testes, tall with long lower limbs, lower intelligence |
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Term
|
Definition
male 1:1000
tall, aggressive |
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Term
|
Definition
female 1:8000
Turner syndrome where no secondary sexual characteristics |
|
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Term
| structural chromosomal anomalies |
|
Definition
| translocation/deletion/etc |
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Term
|
Definition
abnormality is caused by single mutation
fragile X, achondroplasia, suprarenal hyperplasia, microcephaly |
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Term
|
Definition
| agent that produces congenital anomaly |
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Term
| time period for teratogens |
|
Definition
0-14: all or nothing. Fetus survives or not
3-8 week: Quick differentiation is more susceptible
fetal is less susceptible |
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Term
|
Definition
| drugs that are shown to cause defects, but the benefits outweigh the harm. |
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Term
Tetracycline/doxycycline
category D |
|
Definition
| causes yellow stained teeth, diminished long bones |
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Term
|
Definition
| toxic for CN VIII, permanent deafness |
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Term
|
Definition
anticonvulsant/epileptic treatment
neural tube defects/cleft lip/renal defects |
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Term
|
Definition
anticonvulsant
cleft lip/palate |
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Term
|
Definition
manic depressive treatment
heart defects |
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|
Term
hydrochlorothiazide
category D |
|
Definition
diuretic/antihypertensive
jaundice, decrease in platelet (thrombocytopenia) |
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Term
|
Definition
| mental retardation, microcephaly, holoprosencephaly, limb deformity, craniofacial abnormality, cardiovascular defect |
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Term
|
Definition
| growth retardation, premature delivery, fetal hypoxia |
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Term
|
Definition
toxoplasma, other, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex
intrapartum infection that affects development of heart, skin, eyes, and CNS |
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Term
| primary spermatocyte/oocyte |
|
Definition
| cells with doubled DNA (4N) |
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Term
| secondary spermatocyte/oocyte |
|
Definition
| cells after Meiosis I, 2N |
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Term
|
Definition
cells after meiosis II, N
nucleus is called pronucleus |
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Term
|
Definition
provides constancy of chromosome numbers through generations
allows for random assortment
recombination of genetic material |
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Term
|
Definition
takes place from puberty till death over 65 days
regulated by testosterone and takes place in seminiferous tubules
spermatocytes move from from basal compartment to lumen |
|
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Term
|
Definition
cytoplasm of spermatids is reduced and tail formed
released into lumen of seminiferous tubules |
|
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Term
|
Definition
begins prenatally until menopause
meiosis I at month 5, then stop till puberty
continues at puberty with ovulation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
oocyte embedded in follicle
estrogen stimulates growth of endometrium
oocyte enters meiosis II
oocyte follicle ruptures and releases oocyte and allows formation of coronoa radiata
moves toward uterus |
|
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Term
|
Definition
residual follicle cells from ovulation
secretes progesterone |
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Term
|
Definition
| increases vascularization of endometrium |
|
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Term
|
Definition
intermediate part of uterine tube
fertilization takes place here |
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Term
| four steps of fertilization |
|
Definition
sperm penetrates corona radiata and zona pellucida (enzyme release by sperm to accomplish)
plasma membrane of oocyte and sperm fuse
fertilization induces completion of oocyte Meiosis II
pronuclei form |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
cell stage after the zygote
cells do not grow between divisions (blastomeres)
cell that is present during cleavage stage |
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Term
|
Definition
days 4-6
hollowing of morula transforms to blastocyst
outer trophoblast, inner cell mass (embryoblast), and blastocystic cavity |
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Term
|
Definition
| part of blastocyst that forms part of the placenta |
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Term
|
Definition
days 7-12
blastocyst attaches to endometrium
induces massive trophoblast growth and separation into inner cytotrophoblast and out syncytiotrophoblast |
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Term
|
Definition
| part of trophoblast that forms syncytiostrophoblast |
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Term
|
Definition
| part of trophoblast that fuses into multinucleated cytoplasm that erodes maternal blood vessels forming lacunae |
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Term
|
Definition
| 12 days after fertilization |
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Term
| mechanism of pregnancy test |
|
Definition
syncytiotrophoblast produces human chorionic gonadotrophin to maintain progesterone production
detectable 2-3 days after implantation in blood, 6-8 days in urine |
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Term
| Formation of embryonic disc, amniotic cavity, and yolk sac |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
a layer of cells
first part to form off embryoblast
ventral surface |
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Term
| amniotic cavity formation |
|
Definition
second part of formation
space between dorsal trophoblast and embryoblast
some cells become amnioblasts->amnion
part of the embryonic disc |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| layer of embryoblast cells that forms lower boundary of amniotic cavity |
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|
Term
| formation of primary yolk sac/exocoelomic cavity |
|
Definition
| hypoblast cells extend around blastocyst cavity and form exocoelomic membrane |
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|
Term
| extraembryonic mesoderm formation |
|
Definition
| hypoblast cells proliferate and surround embryonic disc |
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Term
|
Definition
| fluid filled spaces in extraembryonic mesoderm that separates it into two layers. splanchnic (inner) and somatic (outer) |
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Term
|
Definition
| somatic mesoderm (extraembryonic) plus cyto and syncytiotrophoblast layers |
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Term
|
Definition
| forms the vitelline arteries and veins and part of the guyt tube |
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Term
|
Definition
| separates from the secondary and eventually degrades |
|
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Term
|
Definition
hypoblastic cells change shape to columnar
primordium of the mouth
defines cranial pole of embryo |
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Term
|
Definition
week 3-4
three germ layers form
called gastrula at this stage |
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Term
| first event of gastrulation |
|
Definition
formation of primitive streak
midline epiblast cells thicken opposite to prechordal plate=caudal
primitive streak elongates and forms a groove in the midline
cranial aspect forms a promitive node and depression (primitive pit) |
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Term
|
Definition
epiblast cells grow into primitive streak and igrese between epiblast and hypoblast
first wave of epiblast cells forms endoderm and replaces hypoblast |
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Term
| formation of intraembyronic mesoderm |
|
Definition
| second wave of epiblast cells invade the primitive streak and inserts between epiblast and endoderm, spreading laterally |
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Term
| layers of intraembyronic mesoderm |
|
Definition
| paraxial, intermediate, and lateral |
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Term
|
Definition
remnants of the primitive streak
benign and protrude from anal area |
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Term
|
Definition
outpouching of yolk sac into connecting stalk
allows for gas exchange and reservoir for urine
becomes umbilical arteries and veins
eventually median umbilical ligament |
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Term
|
Definition
prechordal plate
no mesoderm forms over this
oropharyngeal membrane remains |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
notochordal process forms from primitive node
elongates cranially to prechordal plate
floor of notochordal process fuses with endoderm (roof of yolk sac) and forms notochord
notochordal plate infolds and forms notochord, separates from endoderm.
determines site of vertebral column and results in nucleus pulposus |
|
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Term
|
Definition
notochordal process induces overlying ectoderm to from neural plate
gives rise to CNS |
|
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Term
|
Definition
neural plate invaginates at midline and forms neural groove
folds on each side of groove fuse at 2 points and move cranially/caudally
unfused openings at end of tube are neuropores |
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Term
|
Definition
| gives rise to brain and spinal cord while it's lumen develops cerebral ventricles and spinal canal |
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Term
|
Definition
begin from neural folds that form a layer between surface ectoderm and neural tube
migrate lateroventral
form dorsal root ganglia, autonomic ganglia, and abdominal ganglia |
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Term
| anencephaly/meroencephaly |
|
Definition
failure of cranial neuropore to close
abnormal development of brain and skull |
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Term
|
Definition
failure of closure of caudal neural tube
spinal cord/vertebral column defects |
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Term
|
Definition
same time as notochord formation
composed of mesoderm that differentiates laterally
paraxial section of mesoderm gives rise to bones of axial skeleton and muscles |
|
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Term
|
Definition
formed from lateral mesoderm
spaces from and give rise
bordered by parietal and visceral layer
develops into body cavities |
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|
Term
| intraembyronic coelom next |
|
Definition
fuses with extraembryonic coelom
parietal layer becomes continuous with amnion covering and visceral becomes continuous with yolk sac covering |
|
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Term
|
Definition
week 4
due to some cells growing faster than others
notochord and somites give rigidity, so cranial, caudal, and later parts fold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prior to fold, heart tube and transverse septum are cranial to oropharyngeal membrane while neuronal folds are caudal
after folding, the heart tube and oropharyngeal membrane are ventral and caudal to the cranial neural folds |
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Term
|
Definition
tail fold bring cloacal membrane ventral to primitive streak
allantois is brought ventrally as well, cranially to the cloacal membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
fold until they meet midline, forming the body cavity
gut tube formed by yolk sac pinching off
results in the yolk sac, connecting stalk and allantois being brought to umbilical cord |
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Term
|
Definition
supports yolk sac, but pinching stretches them to form dorsal and ventral mesenteries
dorsal mesentery is entire length of gut tube, ventral is only cranial to umbilicus |
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Term
|
Definition
| results in amnion completely surrounding the embryo |
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Term
|
Definition
cranial-caudal, in blocks of three per day
part of paraxial mesoderm |
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Term
|
Definition
dermomytotome and sclerotome
part of paraxial mesoderm |
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Term
|
Definition
myotome and dermatome
part of paraxial mesoderm |
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Term
|
Definition
arises from dermomyotome and becomes the muscles of the trunk
part of paraxial mesoderm |
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Term
|
Definition
arises from dermomyotome
becomes dermis of head and back
part of paraxial mesoderm |
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Term
|
Definition
arises from somite
becomes vertebra and ribs
part of paraxial mesoderm |
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Term
| lateral plate mesoderm layer formation |
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Definition
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|
Term
| parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm |
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Definition
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|
Term
| visceral layer of lateral plate mesoderm |
|
Definition
| formation of smooth muscles of viscera |
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Term
|
Definition
| differentiate of mesoderm that gives rise to embryonic connective tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| endochondral ossification |
|
Definition
bone model is formed by cartilage then replaced by bone tissue
appendicular skeleton and vertebrae are formed this way |
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Term
|
Definition
osteoblasts replacce mesenchyme directly
formation of flat bones like the skull |
|
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Term
|
Definition
formed from chondroblasts
hylaine, fibrous, and elastic
hyaline is the most common |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| interzonal mesenchyme differentiates into dense fibrous tissue |
|
|
Term
| cartilaginous joint formation |
|
Definition
| interzonal mesenchyme becomes hyaline or fibrocartilage |
|
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Term
|
Definition
interzonal mesenchyme forms ligaments peripherally and the synovial membrane
dissolves centrally for joint cavity |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| neurocranium and viscerocranium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mostly endochondral ossification
derive from sclertotomes
base of occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, petrous and mastoid part of temporal bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
membranous ossification separated by fibrous sutures called
syndesmoses
allows for molding of head during birth |
|
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Term
|
Definition
open section between cranial bones allowing for growth
close around 2 years |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| formed from mesenchyme of pharyngeal arches |
|
|
Term
| cartilaginous viscerocranium |
|
Definition
| derived from pharyngeal arches 1/2 |
|
|
Term
| dorsal first arch (meckel) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dorsal second arch (eichert) |
|
Definition
| stapes and styloid process |
|
|
Term
| ventral second/third arch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ventral portion of 4/6 arches |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| membranous viscerocramium |
|
Definition
derived from maxillary prominence of pharyngeal arch 1
forms temporal, maxillary, and zygomatic bones. also some mandibular bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sclerotomoes migrate around notochord and neural tube
each sclerotome forms loose cranial and dense caudal mesenchyme around notochord
adjacent cranial-caudal sections merge |
|
|
Term
| formation of intervertebral disks |
|
Definition
| migration of dense mesenchyme between sclerotomes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| fusing of sclerotomes to form vertebral column |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thoracic vertebrae extend laterally into costal processes
mesenchyme between vertebral and costal mesenchyme is joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formed from mesenchyme of parietal layer of lateral plate
covered by ectoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| end of bone formed by endochondral ossification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neck of bone formed by endochondral ossification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shaft of bone formed by endochondral ossification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin layer of bone under the outer layer (perichondrium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
growth restriction of bones that are formed through endochondral ossification
mutation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FRFR3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lethal mutation of FGFR3
small rib cage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prenatal fusion of cranial sutures
autosomal dominant disorders Crouzon and Apert syndrome show this
FGFR2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
absence of the neurocranium
often associated with meroencephaly
incompatible with life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| asymmetrical fusion of vertebra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| incomplete fusion of cranial end of neural tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
constrict subclavian artery and brachial plexus
respiratory insufficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| partial absence of a limb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absence of middle digital rays (2-4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affects subtalar joint, adduction at talonavicular joint, and plantar flextion at ankle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mesenchyme of pharyngeal arches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| derived from mesenchyme of limb buds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visceral lateral plate mesoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parietal lateral plate mesoderm (except iris, mammary and sweat glands=ectoderm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contracted joints due to anomalies in connective tissue
seen with club foot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contracture (shortening) of the neck causing tilting of the head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
absence of pectoral muscle unilaterally
ipsilateral finger syndactyly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pharyngeal arches, pouches, grooves, and membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates pharyngeal arches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interior, and located in between the arches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endoderm of the pouch coupled with the ectoderm of the groove |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
merging of paraxial and lateral mesoderm with the neural crest cells
forms the skeletal and connective tissue of head/neck |
|
|
Term
| contents of pharyngeal arches |
|
Definition
1. aortic arch for supply from truncus arteriosus
2. cartilage rod that forms skeleton of arch
3. muscle component
4. nerve component (Cranial nerve from neuroectoderm) |
|
|
Term
| arch artery of pharyngeal arch 1 |
|
Definition
| terminal branch of maxillary and part of external carotid |
|
|
Term
| arch artery of pharyngeal arch 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| arch artery of pharyngeal arch 3 |
|
Definition
| common carotid, root of internal carotid |
|
|
Term
| arch artery of pharyngeal arch 4 |
|
Definition
| left arch of aorta, right subclavian |
|
|
Term
| arch artery of pharyngeal arch 6 |
|
Definition
| ductus arteriosus, root of pulmonary arteries |
|
|
Term
| skeletal element of arch 1 |
|
Definition
incus, malleus, and sphenoid (endochondrial ossification)
maxilla, zygomatic, temporal bone, mandible (membraneous) |
|
|
Term
| skeletal element of arch 2 |
|
Definition
| stapes, styloid process, hyoid (endochondral) |
|
|
Term
| skeletal element of arch 3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| skeletal element of arch 4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| skeletal element of arch 6 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pharyngeal constrictors, levator veli palatini, cricothyroid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maxillary and mandibular division of trigeminal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| superior laryngeal branch of vagus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tympanic cavity and auditory tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| palatine tonsil, as well as crypts which is infiltrated by lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
caudal end: extends and merges ventrally to form bilobed thymus
infiltrated by lymphocytes as well
cranial end: extends caudoventrally and becomes inferior parathyroid gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cranial end: extends caudoventrally and becomes superior parathyroid
caudal portion: becomes ultimobranchial body, which fuses with thyroid and becomes C cell producers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
precursor to the thyroid that appears medially on the floor of pharynx
migrates through dorsum of tongue (Foramen cecum), into neck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventral portion of thyroid diverticulum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first pharyngeal arch, along with distal tongue buds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
second pharyngeal arch, posterior 1/3 of tongue
also arches 3/4 as hypobranchial eminence |
|
|
Term
| connective tissue and vascularization of tongue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| myoblasts from occipital myotomes |
|
|
Term
| submandibular and sublingual glands |
|
Definition
| invagination of pharyngeal endoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| invagination of oral ectoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| otic vesicle/membraneous labrynth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
frontonasal prominence, maxillary prominences, and mandibular prominences form border to stomodeum
first pharyngeal arch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nasal pit from ectoderm of nasal placode |
|
|
Term
| derivates of frontonasal prominence |
|
Definition
| medial and lateral nasal prominences, forehead and dorsum and apex of nose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nasal septum, ethmoid bone, cribiform plate, and palate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
separates the maxillary and nasal prominecnes
forms ducts from ectoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nasal pits deepen to sacs, separated from oral pharynx by oronasal membrane, which ruptures
nasal placodes become olfactory epithelium
lateral walls becomes conchae |
|
|
Term
| paranasal sinus formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formed by fusion of median nasal prominences
fuses with maxillary prominences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lateral palatine processes extend from maxillary prominences which lengthen and fuse |
|
|
Term
| treacher collins syndrome |
|
Definition
| migration of neural crest cells is inhibited, causing hypoplasia of mandible and zygomatic, external ear abnormalities, and lower eyelid abnormalities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small underdeveloped jaw prevents proper tongue descent, causing cleft palate and small tongue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small jaw and external ear anomalies, unilaterally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar to hemifacial microsomiaplus eye anomalies, vertebral anomalies, and heart defects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure of pharyngeal pouches 3/4 giving rice to hypoparathyroidism (low calcium, weak immunity), interrupted aortic arch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
failure of medial nasal prominences to meet maxillary prominences
unilateral or bilateral
more common in males |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
failure of palatine process to fuse with each other and with nasal septum posterior to incisive foramen
more frequent in females |
|
|
Term
| congenital hypothyroidism |
|
Definition
metabolic disorder due to underdeveloped thyroid
mutation leads to this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thyroglossal duct persists
cysts on the tongue or ventral neck
can be infected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glands located along thyroglossal duct
usually not clinically relevant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when pharyngeal grooves do not obliterate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pharyngeal pouch/groove 2 persist and have an opening from tonsilar area to neck. anterior border of SCM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first step of cardiac formation
arises from lateral mesoderm tissue
form hollow tubes called endothelial heart tubes (fuse during folding) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mesoderm surrounding the endothelial tube (both lateral plate mesoderm) |
|
|
Term
| order of blood in primitive heart |
|
Definition
| common cardinal viens, umbilical vein, and vitelline vein (yolk sac) to sinus venosis->primitive atrium->primitive ventricle->bulbis cordis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bypass of the liver going to the IVC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bypass of right ventricle/lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood that makes it to the right ventricle bypasses the lungs and enters descending aorta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| come off common iliac arteries and go to placenta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fixes superior arterial end of heart tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inferior venous end is fixed in place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
overgrowth of bulbis cordis and ventricle
the remnant of this loop is the transverse pericardial sinus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
connects primordial atrium and ventricle
becomes divided |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
outgrowth of dorsal and ventral walls of atrioventricular canal
eventually fuse to from right and left cnaal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first part of atrial division, grows toward the endocardial cushions diving R/L atria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gap that persists between lower septum primum and endocardial cushions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a perforation of the septum primum that opens when the septum primum fuses to the endocardial cushions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thicker septum forms over septum primum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
overlap in the gap between septum primum and secundum
closes at birth b/c of high pressure in left atrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gap between L/R ventricles that persists during development |
|
|
Term
| partitioning of bulbus cordis |
|
Definition
| bulbar ridges grow and extend into truncus arteriosus in a spiral pattern that fuse to form aorticopulmonary septum separating aorta and pulmonary trunk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
originally symmetric from two common cardinal veins
becomes asymmetric b/c of blood flow.
right side is integrated into atrium, and is responsible as the smooth portion
left side develops coronary sinus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| border between smooth and rough arterial wall came from valve of sinus venosus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| week 5 in the right wall of sinus venosus |
|
|
Term
| atrioventriuclar node/bundle |
|
Definition
| develop in the left wall of the sinus venosus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuation of the truncus arteriosus that gives rise to aortic arch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
week 6-8 remodeled to form adult anatomy
develop sequentially cranio-caudally |
|
|
Term
| first pair of aortic arches |
|
Definition
| maxillary artery and external carotid |
|
|
Term
| second pair of aortic arches |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| third pair of aortic arches |
|
Definition
proximally common carotid arteries
distally internal carotid arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proximal right subclavian artery |
|
|
Term
| left seventh intersegmental artery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
proximally to left pulmonary artery
distally ductus arteriosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| recurrent laryngeal path difference |
|
Definition
degeneration of right 5th and 6th aortic arches let right recurrent hook right subclavian.
left has to loop around ductus arteriosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narrowing of aorta proximally (preductal) or distally (postductal) to the junction of aorta and ductus arteriosus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blood flows from right to left atrium bringing deoxygenated blood into the systemic circuit
cyanosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blood is shunted to the pulmonary side after oxygenation
right side has a higher load, so right atrial and ventricular hypertrophy occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
result in left to right shunt
multiple types |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure of septum primum or secundum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
septum primum does not fuse to endocardial cushions
paired with cleft of one cusp of mitral valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| incomplete integration of right sinus venosus and atrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results in left to right shunt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure of ductus arteriosus to fuse shut |
|
|
Term
| persisten truncus arteriosus |
|
Definition
aorticopulmonary septum (Separates aorta and pulmonary artery) fails to develop
combined with membranous VSD
results in cyanosis |
|
|
Term
| transposition of the great arteries |
|
Definition
aorticopulmonary septum is non-spiral
not compatible with life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AP septum and endocardial cushion formation error
pulmonic stenosis, VSD with over riding aorta, and RV hypertrophy |
|
|
Term
| respiratory system derivation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primitive pharynx gives rise to |
|
Definition
| nose, nasopharynx, and oropharynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
caudally of the fourth pharyngeal arch
gives rise to lower respiratory system |
|
|
Term
| lower respiratory epithelium and glands |
|
Definition
| endoderm of larygotracheal groove |
|
|
Term
| connective tissue, cartilage, smooth muscle of lower respiratory system |
|
Definition
| visceral lateral mesoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| laryngotracheal diverticulum and splanchnic mesenchyme |
|
|
Term
| laryngotracheal diverticulum |
|
Definition
| becomes laryngotracheal tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates laryngeotracheal tube from esophagus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endoderm of cranial portion of laryngotracheal tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caudal portion of hypobrachial eminence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caudal portion of laryngotracheal tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
trachea, bronchus, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
respiratory bud splits into 2 bronchial buds
week 5 each bud forms 2 bronchi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| completion of respiratory branching |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| order of lung maturation stages |
|
Definition
pseudoglandular stage
canalicular stage
terminal sac
alveolar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first lung development stage, has structure, but no gas exchange structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
second lung development stage
vascularization occurs
respiratory bronchioles with alveolar ducts develop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
third lung development stage
blood-air barrier is established
surfactant is begun production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
last lung development stage
tissue is sufficiently developed
new alveoli are added until 8 years |
|
|
Term
| tracheoesophageal fistulas |
|
Definition
faulty separation of trachea and esophagus
causes flow of air to stomach and food/liquid to lung |
|
|
Term
| congenital subglottic stenosis |
|
Definition
abnormal narrowing of airway from laryngotracheal tube development
presents stridor |
|
|
Term
| congenital lobar emphysema |
|
Definition
| upper lobe of lung is over inflated causing failure of bronchial cartilage formation |
|
|
Term
| congenital bronchogenic cysts |
|
Definition
abnormal bronchial branching
causes hemorrhage, dyspnea (shortness of breath) cough, chest pain, and trouble swallowing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
poorly developed lungs
tachypnea shows with it (rapid breath)
oligohydramnios or diaphragmatic hernia |
|
|
Term
| congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation |
|
Definition
benign mass fo mesenchymal lung tissue
suppresses normal alveolar development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thich mucus on the epithelium with leads to infection and obstruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connects gut tube to the yolk sac after lateral folding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| superior mesenteric artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inferior mesenteric artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
double layer of peritoneum
suffix denotes which part of the body is connected to it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suspends the foregut and cranial midgut to the anterior abdominal wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stretches along entire gut tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organs that form on dorsal abdominal wall and are covered on one side by peritoneum |
|
|
Term
| secondary retroperitoneal |
|
Definition
| organs that form in the gut covered by peritoneum on both sides, but then migrate to the dorsal wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primitive pharynx
lower respiratory system
esophagus, stomach, and cranial duodenum
liver, biliary apparatus, and pancreas |
|
|
Term
| striated muscle of esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| smooth muscle of esophagus |
|
Definition
| visceral mesoderm around gut tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
distal portion of foregut
gastroesophageal junction cranial
pyloric/duodenal junction caudal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
begins with greater curvature dorsal, lesser ventral
rotates so that greater becomes left, lesser is right |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
caudal portion of foregut and cranial midgut
thus blood is celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery
stomach rotation causes C shaped loop against posterior wall |
|
|
Term
| liver, gall bladder, and biliary duct formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branches into mesoderm of septum transversum, which will be diaphragm and cranial ventral mesentery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primordium
connection between foregut and liver bud is common bile duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heptic cords, hepatic sinusoids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gall bladder
stalk is cystic duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
visceral peritoneum of liver
liver divides into lesser omentum and falciform ligament |
|
|
Term
| Umbilical vein connection |
|
Definition
| free border of falciform ligament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dorsal and two ventral pancreatic buds
ventral buds merge quickly
dorsal and ventral buds merge b/c of duodenal rotation |
|
|
Term
| endodermal pancreatic buds |
|
Definition
form pancreatic parenchyma which is a network of tubules
tubules secrete glucagon or somatostatin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dorsal mesogastrium from visceral mesenchyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blind end esophagus b/c of abnormal laryngotracheal tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
narrowing of pyloric lumen because of pyloric sphincter hypertrophy
causes projectile vomiting and abnormal electrolyte
male predominant |
|
|
Term
| duodenal atresia or stenosis |
|
Definition
insufficient recanalization of duodenum
cannot swallow, so polyhydramnios occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| superior pancreatic bud is anterior instead of posterior to duodenum. constricts duodenum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small intestine
cecum and appendix
ascending colon
R 1/2 and 2/3 of transverse colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
forms ventrally oriented hairpin loop that extends into umbilical cord
superior mesenteric artery runs long axis of loop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
apex of midgut loop
connects midgut to yolk sac |
|
|
Term
| cranial limb of midgut loop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| caudal limb of midgut loop |
|
Definition
| ascending and transverse colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rotates 90 degrees so cranial segment is to the right and elongates for jejunum and ileum
loop returns to abdomen, small intestine first, and rotating another 180 degrees |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extends caudally and becomes cecum and vermiform appendix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
persistent protrusion of the abdominal contents through umbilicus
occurs in many syndromes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intestines protruding from abdomen after umbilicus closes imperfectly
covered by skin unlike omphaloceles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abdominal contents protrude through defect in the abdominal wall lateral to umbilicus. Right side usually
no protective covering results in gangrene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rotation of less than full 270 degrees
volvulus forms when small intestine twists around superior mesenteric artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
second midgut rotation doesnt occur
small intestine is on the right, large is on the left |
|
|
Term
| ileal (meckel) diverticulum |
|
Definition
| persistent remnant of omphaloenteric duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
left 1/3 of transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
superior anal canal
urinary epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distal/caudal end of the gut tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
develops from mesenchyme
divides urogenital sinus anteriorly and rectum/anal canal posteriorly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fusion of urorectal septum and cloacal membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
divided by urorectal septum
anterior perineal muscles
posterior external anal sphincter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
superior 2/3 from hindgut
inferior 1/3 proctodeum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
former site of anal membrane
junction of superior and inferior anal canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
narrow descending colon due to failure of neural crest cell migration
impaired bowel movement, resulting in proximal colon being dilated
male predominant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
persistence of the anal membrane
appears blue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
faulty urorectal septum
can be high or low, connecting rectum to urogenital canals
distended abdomen with ribbon stool and chronic UTI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phases of kidney formation |
|
Definition
forekidney (pronephros), midkidney (mesonephros), and hindkidney (metanephros)
develop cranio-caudally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
appear in week 4 in cervical region
connect to cloaca through pronephric ducts
degenerate rapidly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
upper mid thorax connected to ventral cloaca (urogenital sinus)
persist in males as efferent ductules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metanephric diverticulum grows out of mesonephric duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
elongates cranially and becomes ureter and renal pelvis
branching forms calyces, collecting tubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| invests the diverticulum, which causes it to form renal tubulues, ultimately nephrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
begins low and ascends with development
rotates medially from ventral facing
begins with supply from common iliac, but ends with abdominal aorta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
upper portion of urogenital sinus
continuous with allantois |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thick cord arising from allantois
runs from midline of bladder to umbilicus
develops median umbilical ligament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| urogenital sinus endoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ectodermal glandular plate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretes adrenalin and noradrenalin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mesenchymal cells between gonads and dorsal mesentery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sympathetic ganglia from neural crest cells
engulfs cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formative part of the intermediate mesoderm that gives rise to epithelial cords to form gonads |
|
|
Term
| primordial germ cell incorporation |
|
Definition
| migrate to hindgut gonadal ridges and incorporate to sex cords |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows mullerian inhibiting factor to be expressed, inhibiting female structure formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arise from primary germ cells |
|
|
Term
| interstitial cells of Leydig |
|
Definition
produce mullerian inhibiting factor
mesenchyme investing seminfierous tubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
band of fibrous tissue that guides testes in descent
extends from caudal pole of testis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absence of Y, secondary cords form ovaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain oogonium from germ cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arise from mesonephric duct degeneration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forms from proximal portion of mesonephric duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endodermal growth from posterior urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
paramesonephric ducts
opens cranially into peritoneum for uterine tubes
caudally fuse to form uterovaginal primordium |
|
|
Term
| undifferentiated external genitals |
|
Definition
| superior genital tubercle, central cloacal membrane, lateral urogenital folds. bounded by labioscrotal swelling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
urogenital folds fuse to form spongy urethra
surface ectoderm of genital tubercle forms glans penis
ectoderm separates prepuce from penis |
|
|
Term
| female external genitalia |
|
Definition
urogenital folds fuse to form frenulum of labia minora and labia minora
labioscrotal folds fuse anterior/posterior for anterior/posterior labial commissure and mons pubis with labia majora
genital tubercle becomes the clitoris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fusion of lower poles of kidneys
remain in pelvis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decreased urinary function b/c of cysts that suppress formation of uriniferous tubules
autosomal dominant and recessive |
|
|
Term
| ureteropelvic junction obstruction |
|
Definition
urine obstructed from renal pelvis to proximal ureter
calyces dilate and form cysts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
posterior wall of bladder is exposed
coupled with external genital malformation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
allantois remains completely/partially open
allows urine to drain into umbilicus |
|
|
Term
| congenital adrenal hyperplasia |
|
Definition
enzyme deficiency causes tissue to grow excessively
enhanced virilization of boys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primitive neuroblasts that are cancerous near adrenal gland |
|
|
Term
| anomalies of paramesonephric duct |
|
Definition
bicornate uterus-two horns
vaginal atresia-absent vagina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ectopic urethral opening on ventral surface of penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| external urethral orifice on dorsum of penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| congenital inguinal hernia |
|
Definition
processus vaginalis doesn't obliterate
abdominal intestine herniates into scrotum |
|
|
