Term
| What did aristotle come up with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gradual development from less structured matter |
|
|
Term
| How did aristotle come up with morphogenisis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Claudius Galen do? |
|
Definition
| described nutrition of fetus by membranes (placenta) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sketches of uterus and fetus
1st to quantify embryology |
|
|
Term
| What did Marcello Malphigi do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| egg contains a iniature person and small people just grow |
|
|
Term
| what did Antoni van Leeuwenhoek do? |
|
Definition
1st to observe human sperm
"saw" homunculi |
|
|
Term
| What were the two sides from Leeuwenhoek and Malphigi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Kaspar Wolff do? |
|
Definition
Demonstrated that organs are not preformed
Epigenisis hypothesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth and differentiation fro amorphous material |
|
|
Term
| What did Lazaro Spallanzani do? |
|
Definition
| Demonstrated sperm and egg are necessary for development |
|
|
Term
| What were the two things Karl von Baer said? |
|
Definition
- Vertebrate embryos develope similarily
-general features precede specialized features |
|
|
Term
| What did Schleiden and Schwann do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All organisms consist of cells |
|
|
Term
| What did the cell theory lead to? |
|
Definition
| discovery that embryo starts as a single cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny |
|
|
Term
| Example of what Haeckel said? |
|
Definition
| All vertebrates have a tail and gill slits |
|
|
Term
| What did Spemann discover? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One cell/tissues determines the fate of another (can turn on/off adjacent cells genes...one cell can influence general population) |
|
|
Term
| What did Evans and Steptoe do? |
|
Definition
| Made the first test tube baby |
|
|
Term
| What did Lewis, Nusslein-Volhard, and Wieschaus do? |
|
Definition
| Demonstrated how genes control development |
|
|
Term
| What did Wilmut and Campbell do? |
|
Definition
| Cloned the first mammal (Dolly) |
|
|
Term
| When does most of the development occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Devleoment of an individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do primordial germ cells do? |
|
Definition
| Migrate to genital ridges |
|
|
Term
| When do primordial germ cells migrate to genital ridges? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the Pgcs start out at |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do genital ridges become? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Migrating cells are dividing in response to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Know they will become gonads, even though they haven't yet |
|
|
Term
| PGC's will eventually become what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells migrate towards target signal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genital ridges to differentiate into sex cords |
|
|
Term
| Where are female sex chords? |
|
Definition
| Kept in periphery so egg can pop through wall during ovulation |
|
|
Term
| Where are male sex chords? |
|
Definition
| Kept in core (temperature-related) |
|
|
Term
| PGC's tell sex chords to become |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oogonia are also known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spermatogonia are also known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sex chords in females become |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sex chords in males become |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are PGC's and sex chords enclosed in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Completely undifferentiated. Can give rise to anything |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can give rise to most but not all tissues of an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| committed to give rise to cells with a specific function |
|
|
Term
| what is cell potency a part of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does cell differentiation occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During cell differentiation, cells become |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cell differentiation occurs through |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PCG's dont differentiate at genital ridges and can form tumors |
|
|
Term
| Females make all eggs by when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| non-germ cell embryonal teratoma will form tumors where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 goals of spermatogenisis? |
|
Definition
-reduce chromosome number by meiosis
-Produce highly motile cells to deliver genome
-Produce energy for movement (mitochondria)
-produce/secrete enzymes to get access to egg
-produce plasma membrane proteins that recognize egg receptorsOo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-reduce chromosome number by meiosis
-produce receptors to recognize sperm
-contribute genome
-provide nutrition for development
-provide molecules to regulate development
-provide protection for egg and embryo |
|
|
Term
| how does it provide protection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has to happen before it can get nutrition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many chromosomes do we have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are autosomes or sex chromosomes homologous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gene goes from sperm to eggs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Karyotyping reveals what three things? |
|
Definition
-gender
-whether all 23 chromosomes are there
-chromosome structure |
|
|
Term
| Where does meiosis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does each chromosome replicate before or after meiosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In females, 1 cell will give rise to 4 if ______ occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the longest stage in meiosis for females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stage do eggs remain in until ovulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs during prophase 1? |
|
Definition
| crossing over of non-sister chromatids |
|
|
Term
| What happens during metaphase 1? |
|
Definition
| Tetrads migrate to middle of cell |
|
|
Term
| What happens during anaphase 1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Homologous chromosomes seperate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sister chromatids seperate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chromosomes begin moving to center of cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes line up in center of cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sister chromatids seperate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell division results in 4 daughter cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 chromosomes come together and are supposed to seperate but dont |
|
|
Term
| When can nondisjunction occur? |
|
Definition
| meiosis 1 when chromosomes dont come apart or meiosis 2 when chromatids dont seperate |
|
|
Term
| When does downs syndrome occur? |
|
Definition
| When there are 3 chromatids instead of two (n+1) |
|
|
Term
| Downs syndrome is most related to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 reproductive structures that secrete into semen? |
|
Definition
-2 seminal vesicles
-Prostate
-2 bulbourethral glands |
|
|
Term
| What do seminal vesicles secrete? |
|
Definition
fructose (energy source)
prostaglandins (smooth muscle contraction) |
|
|
Term
| What does the prostate gland secrete? |
|
Definition
| alkaline solution (neutralize acidity of vagina) |
|
|
Term
| What do the bulbourethral glands secrete? |
|
Definition
| Mucus to clear urine from urethra (first to become active) |
|
|
Term
| What are the testis divided into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After being made where does sperm move? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 things to lobules contain? |
|
Definition
Seminiferous tubules
interstitial (leydig) cells
thyoid cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in between tissue
make testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
act like muscles cells
contract |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main stages of spermatogenisis? |
|
Definition
Spermatocytogenisis
Spermiogenisis |
|
|
Term
| What is Spermatocytogenisis also known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is spermiogenisis also known as? |
|
Definition
| meiosis 2 (differentiation) |
|
|
Term
| When does spermatocytogenisis begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cell type does spermatocytogensis begin with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type A spermatogonia do what? |
|
Definition
differentiates and oves towards edge of tubule
undergoes mitosis throughout life |
|
|
Term
| What do Type A spermatogonia gice rise to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do Type B spermatagonia do/become? |
|
Definition
Will enter meiosis 1
Will become Primary Spermatocytes afterwards |
|
|
Term
| What do Primary spermatocytes become? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do secondary spermatocytes give rise to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does spermatogensis occur? |
|
Definition
| In walls of seminiferous tubules |
|
|
Term
| Spermatogenic cells move towards where as they develope? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are free within the lumen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nucleus divides, cell does not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells partially divide, but keeps with the other cell partially to make intercellular bridges |
|
|
Term
| Intercellular bridges are due to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 functions of intercellular bridges |
|
Definition
-equal distribution of molecules
-cells recieve all gene products from maternal and paternal chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| Developing spermatogenic cells are surrounded by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 things sustentacular cells do? |
|
Definition
form a blood-testis barrier vis tight junctions
promote spermatogenisis
recycle residual bodies |
|
|
Term
| What are the two compartments established by sustentacular cells? |
|
Definition
| basal and adluminal (closer to lumen) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 functions of the compartments? |
|
Definition
Prevents autoimmunity to sperm
chemically unique to allow sperm to develop in stages |
|
|
Term
| How do sustentacular cells promote spermatogenisis? |
|
Definition
secretes hormones
Secretes nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Injury to the blood-testis barrier may result in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sertoli-cell only syndrome occurs when |
|
Definition
| only sertoli cells line the seminiferous tubules. absence of sperm in ejaculate |
|
|
Term
| Sustentacular cells are also known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 7 morphological changes that occur during spermiogenisis |
|
Definition
acromosome formation
centrosome formation
axoneme formation
mitochandrial fusion
nuclear changes
release of residual bodies
differential localization of plasma membrane proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-modified lysosome
-contains lysins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrolytic enzymes used to access egg during fertilization |
|
|
Term
| Three parts of centrosome formation |
|
Definition
centriole replicates
becomes centrosome
one gives rise to microtubules of flagellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Microtubule array within flagellum
dyein hydrolyzes ATP to move flagellum |
|
|
Term
| What is Kartagener Syndrome? |
|
Definition
Lack of dynein
Immotile cilia and flagella |
|
|
Term
| In an axoneme how are the microtubules arranges? |
|
Definition
| In doublets with an unpaired twins in the center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aggregate and fuse at base of flagellum
provide energry for movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
H2O is removed to reduce weight
DNA is packed by protamines
nucleas elongates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
reduces weight
inhibits transcription |
|
|
Term
| Why does the nucleas elongate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Release of residual bodies |
|
Definition
cytoplasm is displaced posteriorly and extruded
recycled by sustentaculars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
reduce weight
reduce loss of resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gonadotropin-releasing hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| follicle-stimulating hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| androgen-binding protein (binds to and maintains testosterone levels) |
|
|
Term
| Centrosomes are made of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 layers of the uterus? |
|
Definition
| endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium |
|
|
Term
| What are the two parts of the endoetrium? |
|
Definition
Stratum basilis (closest to myometrium)
stratum functionalis (next to lumen, sheds during menstruation, made by basilis, not always present) |
|
|
Term
| where do ovaries descend to? |
|
Definition
| even with anterior superior illiac spine |
|
|
Term
| In a frontal section of an ovary, the inner part is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a frontal section of an ovary, the outer part is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the medulla contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are PGC's renamed when they get into developing ovary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do primary oocytes arrest in? |
|
Definition
| Prophase 1 until ovulated |
|
|
Term
| What are they called after ovulated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do oogonium turn into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After ovulation, how many polar bodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After fertilization, what is it called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many polar bodies after fertilization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nucleas in oocyte 1 is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primordial follicle consists of |
|
Definition
| an oocyte and flat follicle cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| follicle cells have become cuboidal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Layer of granulosa cells
Zona pellucida forms |
|
|
Term
| WHat is the zona pellucida produced by? |
|
Definition
| oocyte and granulosa cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the zona pellucida composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| follicular luid accumulates in space between granulosa cells and causes the formation of the atrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Atrium is completely formed
cumulus oophorus-collection of cells that stays within oocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner most layer of granulosa cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| holds all those cells together |
|
|
Term
| Oocyte differentiation occurs during |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Molecules are synthesized by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fertilization and early development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oocyte has lots of microvili to |
|
Definition
| communicate with the cumulus |
|
|
Term
| Three regions of egg cytoplasm |
|
Definition
| endoplasm, cortex,and plasma membraneq |
|
|
Term
| Egg nucleas is also called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two functions of germinal vesicle |
|
Definition
long-term protection of DNA
Preperation for fertilization |
|
|
Term
| Meiosis when what will occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meiosis resuming requires the breakdown of |
|
Definition
| GV (membrane around nucleas) |
|
|
Term
| Meiosis occura just after ______ and just before_____ |
|
Definition
| GV breakdown and ovulation |
|
|
Term
| 9 main features of oocyte differentiation |
|
Definition
1.Ribosome synthesis
2.Production of rough ER
3."masked" message
4.tRNA synthesis
5.mitochondrial replication
6.cytoplasmic localization
7.cotical granule synthesis
8.cortical microfilaments
9.glucine storage |
|
|
Term
| Which 4 are part of protein production? |
|
Definition
ribosome synthesis
Production of rough ER
"masked" message
tRNA synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Ribosome sythesis is assembled by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cluster of 200 rRNA genes comprise the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the masked message, mRNA is “protected” by a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the masked message,mRNA is not translated until |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mitochondrial replication is apportioned to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In cytoplasmic localization, there is specific placement of SOME ______ within the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortical granule is made by fusion of ____ derived from _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During fertilization, carbs and glycoproteins are released by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functions of cortical granules: |
|
Definition
Prevent polyspermy
provide cell adhesion during oxtokinesis of blastomeres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal number of chromosomes, spontaneous aborttion |
|
|
Term
| To create cortical microfilaments, ____ polymerizes at fertilization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contractile forces during cytokinesisof blastomeres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-regulates size of egg and early embryo
-egg size determines viability |
|
|
Term
| Abnormal number of chromosomes can lead to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During ovulation, needs to break down |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 layers of germinal epithelium |
|
Definition
membrana granulosa
theca interna
periphery theca externa |
|
|
Term
| Periphery theca externa is made of |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle cells that squeeze oocyte out |
|
|
Term
| Follicles that degenerate are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After they degenerate, cumulus/oocyte are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After they are free within follicle |
|
Definition
| follcle and germinal epithelium rupture |
|
|
Term
| Periphery surface of ovary is covered with |
|
Definition
| fimbriae to scoop upwith currents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Site of rupture is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
smooth muscle contraction of theca externa
collegenase (degrades tissue)
apoptosis or germinal epithelium (encloses ovary) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corpus Luteum is what color |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corpus albicans is what color |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms corpus luteum? |
|
Definition
| membrana granulosa and theca interna |
|
|
Term
| What does the corpus luteum do? |
|
Definition
| Produces hormones to maintain pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
follicular
ovulation
luteal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formation of corpus luteum
steroid hormone secretion |
|
|
Term
| 3 phases of uterine cycle |
|
Definition
menses
proliferative
secretory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sloughing of stratum functionalis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grow of stratum functionalis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endometrium secretes mucus in prep for implantation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothalmus produces what hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormonal changes occur during formation of corpus albicans? |
|
Definition
| progesterone and estrogen levels drop, providing negative feedback to hypothalmus and pituitary |
|
|
Term
| What occurs because of this process? |
|
Definition
follicles begin to develope
endometrium uterine line begins to slough |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the LH surge do? |
|
Definition
caused meiosis 1 to resume to metaphase 2 and arrest again
initiates formation of CL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps keep uterine wall thick during pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stmulates pituitary to release fsh |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Goes to ovaries, initiates growth of follicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates estrogen production |
|
|
Term
| Estrogen peaks at what day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What comes out during estrogen peak? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LH acts as a cue for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After an egg is released, it leaves behind a what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will corpus luteu do? |
|
Definition
| if not prego, will diminish and the lining will begin to shed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability of sperm to fertilize egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.increase motility
2.removal of seminal fluid proteins
3.enzyme activation |
|
|
Term
| What two things increase sperm motility? |
|
Definition
mixing sperm and semen (fructose)
exposure to vagina |
|
|
Term
| what removes seminal protiens? |
|
Definition
| exposure to female reproductive tract enzymes |
|
|
