Term
| Pleuropericardial fold does what |
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Definition
| Pleuropericardial fold separates the pericardial cavity and pleural cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| Foregut goes from esophagus to 2nd part of duodenum (descending) |
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Term
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Definition
| Midgut goes from ending of foregut to 2/3rds into the transverse colon |
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Term
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Definition
| Hindgut goes from 1/3rd of transverse colon to rectum |
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Term
| When does respiratory primordium make its first appearance |
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Definition
| Respiratory primordium makes appearance at 4th week |
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Term
| Resp. Diverticulum comes from where |
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Definition
| Resp. Diverticulum comes from the ventral wall of the foregut |
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Term
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Definition
| TBX4 is the transcription factor that determines location of resp div, differentiation, and growth maintenance. |
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Term
| What is differentiation in the resp diverticulum |
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Definition
| Differentiation in the resp div is the tracheoesophageal groove, ridge, and then septum |
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Term
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Definition
| Lung buds expand into the pericardio / peritoneal canals, which are on either side of the foregut. |
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Term
| Right and left lungs separate into how many bronchii |
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Definition
| Right and left lungs separate into 3 and 2 main bronchi respectively |
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Term
| What are supernumerary lobules |
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Definition
| Supernumerary lobules are extra lung lobes from abnormal division of the brachial tree |
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Term
| What do ectopic lung lobes come from |
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Definition
| Ectopic lung lobes come from additional respiratory buds |
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Term
| What do congenital cysts of the lung come from, and what do they do |
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Definition
| Congenital cysts of the lung come from dilation of the terminal or larger bronchi, and result in poor drainage of the lung, causing common respiratory infections |
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Term
| Fetal breathing and swallowing of amniotic fluid does what |
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Definition
| Fetal breathing and swallowing of amniotic fluid helps stimulate lung development and condition respiratory muscles |
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Term
| Pseudoglandular period of lung development is what and when: |
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Definition
| Pseudoglandular period of lung development is 5-16 weeks, and is the expansion of the respiratory diverticulum |
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Term
| Canalicular period of lung development is what and when: |
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Definition
| Canalicular period of lung development is 16-26 weeks, with only cuboidal epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| The fetus is viable after the Canalicular period at 26 weeks, when type 2 cells start creating surfactant |
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Term
| Terminal sac period of lung development is what and when: |
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Definition
| Terminal sac period of lung development is from 26 weeks to birth, and is marked by type 2 alveolar epithelial cells producing surfactant, and cuboidal epithelium differentiating into thing squamous epithelium. Capillaries make contact with epithelium. |
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Term
| Alveolar period of lung development is what and when: |
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Definition
| Alveolar period of lung development is from eight months to childhood (10 years), in which 5/6ths of the final aveolae are created |
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Term
| What two structures contact intimately in the blood air barrier |
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Definition
| The alveolar epithelial type 1 cells and capillary endothelial cells contact intimately in the blood-air barrier. |
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Term
| Describe changes in lungs after birth |
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Definition
| Respiration begins with air entering the aveolae. Fluid is resorbed (mostly) by blood and lymph capillaries, and expulsed (small amount) by trachea and bronchi. Phosopholipid coat is formed due to surfactant deposit on alveolar cell membranes. It prevents high surface tension between air and water (the blood interface) |
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Term
| When are mature alveolae present |
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Definition
| Mature alveolae are present only after birth |
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Term
| When do type 2 cells develop |
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Definition
| Type 2 cells develop at the end of the 6th month |
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Term
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Definition
| RDS is respiratory distress syndrome, caused by not enough surfactant |
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Term
| Healthy lungs do what in water, and still born lungs do what |
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Definition
| Healthy lungs float in water and still born lungs sink in water. |
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Term
| How do you treat premature babies |
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Definition
| You treat premature babies with artificial surfactant and glucocorticoids that stimulate surfactant production |
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Term
| Describe the different types of tracheoesophageal malformations |
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Definition
| Type A (90%), upper branch of esophagus ends in blind pouch, lower segment forms a fistula with the trachea. Type B (4%), upper and lower branches have blind ends. Isolated esophageal atresia. Type C (4%) is H-type. No esophageal atresia, brief communication of esophagus with trachea. Types D and E (1% each), are reverse of type A and a more pronounced type C respectively. |
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Term
| How do you determine if there is an tracheoesophageal malformation |
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Definition
| Diagnosing a tracheoesophageal malformation is done with a barium swallow study |
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Term
| TEF’s are associated with what: (VACTERL) |
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Definition
| VACTERL is an association between vertebra anomalies, anal atresia, cardiac defects, tracheoesophageal fistulas, esophageal atresia, renal anomalies, and limb defects. |
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Term
| How does the diaphragm develop |
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Definition
| The diaphragm develops by the merging of the pleuroperitoneal folds with the septum transversum, followed by muscular ingrowth from the body wall. The muscles are formed by the myotomes of C3, C4, and C5. |
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Term
| What is diagphragmatic hernia and what is its effect |
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Definition
| Diaphragmatic hernia is the failure of one or both pleuroperitoneal membranes w/ the septum transversum to close the periocardioperitoneal canals. It allows abdominal viscera to enter the pleural cavity. |
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Term
| When does the heart begin to beat |
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Definition
| The heart begins to beat early in the 4th week |
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Term
| Which structures are paired and unpaired at week 4 of development |
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Definition
| The dorsal aortae, anterior and posterior cardinal veins, umbilical veins (one degenerates), and umbilical arteries are paired. Vitelline arteries (associated with the yolk sac) are located within the GI tract and are unpaired arteries of the abdominal aorta. |
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Term
| What are the 3 main venous drainages of the 4-week old heart |
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Definition
| The 3 main venous drainages of the 4 week old heart are the common cardinal vein (branches into ant. and post.), the vitelline vein, and the umbilical vein. |
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Term
| What does the pericardial coelom arise from |
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Definition
| The pericardial coelem arises from the interembryonic coelem. |
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Term
| What does lateral folding of the embryo do with heart development |
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Definition
| Lateral folding brings the endocardial heart tubes in close proximity to each other for fusion. |
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Term
| What does head folding do in heart development |
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Definition
| Head folding brings the septum transversum and the heart ventral to the GI tract |
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Term
| What creates the pericardial cavity |
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Definition
| The pericardial cavity originates from the pericardial ceolems that merge during lateral folding |
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Term
| List and describe the divisions of the original, two chambered heart |
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Definition
| The bulbus cordis is one chamber, the ventricle is the other – the truncus arteriosus (outflow tract) is the distal 1/3rd of the bulbus cordis. Beneath the ventricle are right and left horns of the sinus venosus (its entrence) |
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Term
| What does the right horn of the sinus venosus form |
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Definition
| The right horn of the sinus venosus forms the right atrium |
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Term
| What does the left horn of the sinus venosus form |
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Definition
| The left horn of the sinus venosus forms the coronary sinus (retrieves blood from wall of heart itself) |
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Term
| How do the left and right sinus venoses change in place and shape |
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Definition
| The opening to the heart shifts from between the venoses to the right venosus, which gets bigger. The superior and inferior vena cava form off of the right venosus as it becomes incorporated into the right atrium. The right venosus’s remnant is shown in the “smooth” part of the right atrium, whereas the part that wasn’t venosus is “rough” |
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Term
| How does the left and right brachiocephalic veins form |
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Definition
| The left and right brachiocephalic veins come from the anterior cardinal veins, as they anastomose, the left anterior cardinal vein degenerates and the anastomosis (crossing the heart) connects with the right to dump into the superior vena cava. As the left anterior cardinal vein degenerates, the left sinus venosus becomes the coronary sinus. |
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Term
| What is the ductus venosus |
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Definition
| The ductus venosus is a shunting vein of the liver – since the amnion does the liver’s function, the blood bypasses the organ. |
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Term
| How do the atria partition from each other |
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Definition
| The atria partitions: Septum primum, foramen primum, septum secondum, foramen secondum (foramen ovale) |
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Term
| How is the truncus arteriosus partitioned |
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Definition
| The truncus arteriosus partitions into the aorta and pulmonary trunk. Neural crest cells participate in creating the aorticopulmonary septum, which spirals up truncus arteroisus. |
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Term
| What happens in unequal partitioning of the truncus arteriosus, and what results in it |
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Definition
| Unequal partitioning of the truncus arteriosus can create a stenotic pulmonary trunk and large aorta, which results in right ventricular hypertrophy and a persistant ductus arteriosus |
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Term
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Definition
| A PDA (persistant ductus arteriosus) is a shunt that connects the pulmonary trunk with the aorta |
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Term
| How is the intraventricular septum formed |
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Definition
| The IV septum is formed from two outgrowths, the muscular IV septum develops from the floor of the ventricle and grows towards the atria, stopping short and leaving the IV foramen. The membranous IV septum forms by the fusion of three components, the right and left bulbar ridges and the AV cusions. This fusion closes the IV foramen. |
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Term
| What is tetralogy of fallot |
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Definition
| Tetralogy of fallot is caused by neural crest cell migration forming a skewed development of the AP septum. It is characterized by pulmonary valve stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta (part is in the right ventricle too), and right ventricular hypertrophy |
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Term
| What are the three shunts of fetal circulation, and what do they turn into after birth. |
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Definition
| The three shunts of fetal circulation are the foramen ovale between atria, the ductus arteriosus between the aorta and pulmonary artery, and the ductus venosus that passes the liver. After birth they turn into the fossa ovalis, the ligamentum arteriosum, and the ligamentum venosum. |
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Term
| How do the atria partition from each other |
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Definition
| The atria partitions: Septum primum, foramen primum, septum secondum, foramen secondum (foramen ovale) |
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Term
| Describe a probe patent foramen ovale |
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Definition
| A probe patent foramen ovale is a tiny opening between septum primum and secundum. It occurs in 20% of people, and it is signifigant because a pelvic venous clot can enter the left atrium through it and be sent up into the brain for a stroke. |
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