Term
| congenital, ex: congenital syphilis |
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Definition
| condition is present at birth, may not necessarily be genetic |
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Term
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Definition
| condition is inherited from parents genome |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which gametes(oocytes and spermatazoa) are produced |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized process of cell division to distribute chromosomes among gametes and increase genetic variablity |
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Term
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Definition
| # of gametes resulting from spermatogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| # of gametes resulting from oogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| dr. cole does not like the name fallopian tube, call it the |
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Term
| zona pellucida, corona radiata |
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Definition
| 2 outer layers of the oocyte |
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Term
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Definition
| ragged layer of oocyte with sperm receptors. makes hormones |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| has to keep going 6 days before implantation |
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Definition
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Definition
| chemicals in the head of the sperm |
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Term
| lateral third of uterine tube (ampulla) |
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Definition
| where fertilization occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| go down a path, cannot go back, choose A or B |
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Term
| penetration of the corona radiata |
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Definition
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Term
| sperm binding protein (SED1 protein) and penetration of zona |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sperm digests and moves through zona pellucida |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 component reaction that prevents more sperm from penetrating the egg (shock the sperm then shut the door on them) |
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Term
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Definition
| part of cortical reaction that changes the resting potential of the oocyte plasma membrane, preventing further binding of sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| part of cortical reaction where there is a release of cortical granules containing enzymes that destroy sperm receptors (ZP3) |
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Term
| sperm head and tail enter oocyte, second meiotic division (for egg) with production of second polar body |
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Definition
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Term
| unequal contribution of cytoplasm, equal contribution of genetic material |
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Definition
| how polar body is produced |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| twins form when a single fertilized egg splits into two genetically identical parts |
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Definition
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Term
| dizygotic twins/fraternal |
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Definition
| twins develop when two separate eggs are fertilized and implant in the uterus-genetic condition is no different than siblings born at separate times -might or might not look alike |
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Term
| polar twins (half identical) |
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Definition
| believed to occur when the mother's egg splits before fertilization and the polar body is also fertilized by a different sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| twins share half their genes in common (from mother) and the other half different(from 2 sperm) |
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Term
| no DNA based test, usually discovered when twins, thought to be identical, cannot donate organs b/c they don't match |
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Definition
| is there a way to tell if a twin is polar |
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Term
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Definition
| condition where cells within one individual have different genetic makeup, some have normal number of chromosomes, others do not (NOT A FERTILIZATION EVENT) |
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Term
| mitotic non-dysjunction early in cellular division |
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Definition
| possible cause of mosaicism |
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Term
| gonadal/tissue mosaicism or chimerism (40 cases) |
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Definition
| can lead to offspring who's DNA don't match the parents |
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Term
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Definition
| genetically different cells, same zygote |
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Term
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Definition
| genetically different cells from different zygotes |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple cell lines (genotypes) with a different set of chromosomes in a single individual |
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Term
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Definition
| fraternal twins fuse to form a single individual |
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Term
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Definition
| can cause individual with bilateral "asymmetry" penis/testicle and ovary/uterine tube. mix of XY and XX (IVF) |
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Term
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Definition
| happens a lot with in vitro fertilization, possibly caused by IVF, unknown prevalence |
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Term
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Definition
| how long it takes for sperm and egg to fuse in mammals |
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Term
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Definition
| after nuclear fusion, where 2 haploid cells fuse into a diploid cell it is called this |
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Term
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Definition
| after this, returns the gamete(s) to diploid chromosome number and mitotic division of the zygote begins (embryogenesis) |
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Term
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Definition
| series of mitotic divisions |
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Term
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Definition
| name of one of the identical cells after cleavage of the zygote |
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Term
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Definition
| step in embryogenesis when mosaicism could occur |
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Term
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Definition
| 16 -32 cell mulberry stage(solid ball of cells), cell increased in number not size, cells undifferentiated |
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Term
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Definition
| due to restricted space, the cell divides but doesn't increase in size, due to presence of zona pellucida |
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Term
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Definition
| after cleavage begins, zygote becomes this |
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Term
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Definition
| process where cells become inner cells (embryo)or outer cells (placenta) |
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Term
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Definition
| stage where cells fit into roosevelt's eyeball |
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Term
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Definition
| last stage blastomeres are considered totipotent |
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Definition
| process of formation of the blastocoele |
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Term
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Definition
| stage that has 1 cavity, 1 inside layer, and 1 outside layer |
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Term
| blastocyst cells secrete proteases which digest the proteins of the zona p. the embryo escapes! |
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Definition
| how does hatching of the embryo occur? |
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Term
| inner cell mass, outer cell mass, blastocyst cavity |
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Definition
| what layers form when the cell is considered a blastocyst |
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Term
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Definition
| forms when fluid is secreted in the morula |
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Term
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Definition
| other name for inner cell mass |
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Term
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Definition
| other name for outer cell mass |
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Term
| embryoblast, trophoblast, blastoceole |
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Definition
| layers at the end of week 1 |
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Term
| embryoblast-these cells are pleuripotent, not totipotent! |
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Definition
| where "stem cells" actually come from |
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Term
| pluripotent NOT totipotent, cannot make the whole organism |
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Definition
| what kind of potent are "stem cells" |
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Term
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Definition
| stem cell that can grow into an entire organism and even produce extraembyonic tissues (fetal portion of the placenta -blastomeres are this |
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Term
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Definition
| these stem cells can make any cells derived from the 3 germ layers, but cannot grow into an entire organism |
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Term
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Definition
| twins with 2 blastocysts, implant separately after dividing |
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Term
| monozygotic, monochoriotic |
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Definition
| twins that form from 1 outer cell mass but 2 inner |
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Term
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Definition
| twins with incomplete division of the inner cell mass (incomplete divison of monozygotic twins) |
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Term
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Definition
| due to secondary fusion of inner cell mass, or development of 2 primitive streaks |
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Term
| ischiophagus/omphalophagus and dicephalus tribrachius |
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Definition
| 2 types of conjoined twins |
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Term
| conjoined twins joined at the abdomen and pelvis sharing a kidney, liver, bladder, and large intestine as well as other organs |
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Definition
| describe ishiophagus/omphalopagus |
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Term
| two heads, one body with 2 legs, and 2,3, or 4 arms |
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Definition
| describe dicephalus tribrachius |
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Term
| parasitic twin (craniopagus parasisticus-2nd bodiless head) |
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Definition
| smaller but often complete portion of the body of a second twin protrudes from the body of the normal twin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rare abnormailty which involves a fetus trapped within its twin |
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Term
| protein abnormality in Sonic hedgehog protein SHh |
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Definition
| what causes craniofacial duplication (diprosopus) |
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Term
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Definition
| first step in placentation, changes in blastocyst to attach to and penetrate the endometrial lining of the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| what is in the endometrial lining for the blastocyst? |
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Term
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Definition
| cause of infertility having to do with the lining of the uterus |
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Term
| cytotrophoblast + syncytiotrophoblast |
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Definition
| in week 2 what layers form from the trophoblast |
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Term
| implantation bleeding: cells of the trophoblast chew their way into the endometrium |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| what does the embryoblast form in week two? |
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Term
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Definition
| what the hypo blast becomes |
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Term
| differentiation of the embryoblast |
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Definition
| second occurrence of differentiation of cell types |
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Term
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Definition
| differentiation of the trophpblast into 2 cellular layers |
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Term
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Definition
| what two things differentiate during implantation |
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Term
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Definition
| flat ovoid disk comprised of the epiblast and hypoblast |
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Term
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Definition
| clefts develop and coalesce to form the amniotic cavity from what (these cells also secrete fluid) |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes HcG to tell the uterus to mantain pregnancy |
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Term
| human chorionic gonadotropin |
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Definition
| hormone detected in urine to indicate pregnancy |
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Term
| day 7-8 soonest, when trophoblast forms syncitotrophoblast |
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Definition
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Term
1. uterine tubes dont stretch so the burst
2. body is not designed to shut off the blood supply like the uterus, so there is a good chance for momma to bleed out |
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Definition
| why it is bad to have an ectopic pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| critical period of development |
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Term
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Definition
| how long is the embryo not suceptible to teratogens |
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Term
| CNS, heart, upper limbs, eyes, lower limbs, teeth, palate, external genitalia, ear |
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Definition
| what develops in the critical period (on the graph) |
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Term
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Definition
| where do the trophoblastic lacunae form |
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Term
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Definition
| what chews through the endometrium to get to the blood supply? |
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Term
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Definition
| cavity formed from hypoblast |
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Term
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Definition
| cavity formed from epiblast |
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Term
| where the maternal blood spills in and fuses into the cytotrophoblast? |
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Definition
| what are trophoblastic lacunae |
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Term
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Definition
| derrived from epiblast and yolk sac, found between cytotrophoblast and yolk sac (surrounds everything kind of separating the embryoblast and trophoblast) |
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Term
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Definition
| forms in the extraembryonic mesoderm and fills with fluid |
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Term
| extraembryonic coelom merged together |
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Definition
| becomes the chorionic cavity |
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Term
| syncitiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, XE mesoderm |
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Definition
| 3 layers of the trophoblast (chorion) |
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Term
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Definition
| fetal contribution to the placenta |
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Term
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Definition
| forms the connecting stalk which becomes the umbillicus |
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Term
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Definition
| first set of extraembryonic membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| amnion and amniotic cavity are found where |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive growth of what cavity fills the uterine cavity and obliterates the chorionic cavity |
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Term
| cytotrophoblast, and invade the synctiotrophoblast |
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Definition
| chorionic vili form from what |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of germ layers(trilaminar disk) and establishment of the body morphology |
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Term
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Definition
| future axis of the embryo |
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Term
| appearance of primitive streak (+ buccopharyngeal membrane) |
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Definition
| marks the beginning of gastrulation |
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Term
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Definition
| results from two primitive streaks that do not separate |
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Term
| epiblast cells (they migrate to the center and tunnel underneath making a streak) |
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Definition
| primitive streak forms from what layer |
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Term
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Definition
| which direction does the primitive streak elongate |
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Term
| endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm |
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Definition
| from bottom to top, germ layers |
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Term
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Definition
| derrivitives of all three germ layers, remnants of the primitive streak, "common" tumor type in newborn (1:35,000). bizarre mixture of tissue types |
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Term
| caudal dyspalasia syndrome/sacral agenesis |
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Definition
| ranges from minor abnormalities to comeplete underdevelopment or fusion of limbs, caused by abnormal gastrulation-migration of mesoderm is disturbed VATER |
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Term
| Vertebral abnormalities, Anal atresia, TracheoEsophageal fistula & Renal defects |
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Definition
| what does VATER stand for in caudal dysplasia |
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Term
| primitive streak, 3 germ layers, notochord |
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Definition
| 3 major occurrences in week 3 |
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Term
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Definition
| forms the vertebral column |
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Term
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Definition
| brings about formation of the neural tube (future nervous system) |
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Term
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Definition
| rare, usually developes in occipital region or sacrococcygeal region, more common in males ,usually develops in middle age |
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