Term
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Definition
| process in which a diploid cell becomes multiple haploid cells by undergoing two subsequent divisions, the first being a reduction division; occurs in germ cells only |
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Term
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Definition
| last leg of spermatogenesis; haploid spermatids are turned into spermatozoa (in the seminiferous tubules); round spermatids are elongated, cytoplasm is lost, acrosome formed |
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Term
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Definition
| gametogenesis for sperm; the steps in which a spermatogonia (germ cell) is transformed into a spermatozoa |
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Term
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Definition
| gametogenesis for eggs; steps in which a oogonia is transformed into a mature oocyte |
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Term
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Definition
| diploid stage after mitosis of spermatogonia; ready to undergo meiosis; largest germ cells in seminiferous tubules |
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Term
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Definition
| haploid stage of germ cells after meiosis 1 |
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Term
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Definition
| one of two genetically identical strands that make up a duplicated chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| organized genetic structure (DNA + proteins) that codes for many genes |
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Term
| post‐zygotic nondisjunction |
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Definition
failure of normal mitosis to separate sister chromatids, resulting in an abnormal
distribution of chromosomes equaling a mosaic. |
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Term
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Definition
if a PZN occurs during fetal development, all daughter cells would hence be disrupted. However, all
normal cells up to that point would likewise continue to divide, so there would be a mixture, a mosaic, of normal
cells and abnormal cells, resulting in a combination of phenotypes. |
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Term
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Definition
| asymmetrical cell division leads to the production of nonfunctional, small polar bodies during oogenesis, which later degenerate |
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Term
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Definition
during this stage, individual chromosomes begin to condense into long strands within the nucleus.
However, the two sister chromatids are still so tightly bound that they are indistinguishable from one another. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs as the chromosomes approximately line up with each other into homologous chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
contains the chromosomal crossover. Non‐sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes
randomly exchange segments of genetic information over regions of homology |
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Term
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Definition
the synaptonemal complex degrades and homologous chromosomes separate from one another a
little. |
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Term
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Definition
| the first point in meiosis where the four parts of the tetrads are actually visible. |
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Term
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Definition
1. leptotene
2. zygotene
3. pachytene
4. diplotene
5. diakinesis |
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Term
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Definition
| cap-like saccular organelle on the head of a mature sperm filled with hydrolytic enzymes that facilitate sperm penetration of the corona radiata and zona pellucida |
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Term
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Definition
| contains the haploid gamete nucleus of the sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| section of mature sperm that contains the mitrochondria that are used for energy |
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Term
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Definition
| used for motility, microtubules; contains mitochondria for energy |
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Term
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Definition
| amorphous acellular glycoprotein coat surrounding the ovum; binds to sperm during fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| post-ejaculation- final step of functional maturation for sperm; essentially the activation of the sperm; consists of changes in the acrosome to allow penetration of the zona pellucida |
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Term
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Definition
| single-celled embryo formed by joining of male and female pronuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| gamete formation; process include meiosis and prepares the gametes for fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized generative cell (oocyte [egg] and sperm) |
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Term
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Definition
| reduction division (46N --> 23N) which segregates homologous chromosome s into separate secondary gametocytes; crossing over occurs (genetic recombination) |
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Term
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Definition
| separates each chromosome from its chromatid; produces "single chromatid chromosome" containing gamete cells (4) |
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Term
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Definition
| half of a divided chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| disturbances during meiosis of gametogenesis that result in (numerical) chromosomally abnormal gametes; homologous chromosomes do not separate during meiosis 1 or chromatids do not separate in meiosis 2 |
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Term
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Definition
| also "spermatozoa"; free-swimming, actively motile cell w/ head (acrosome, nulceus) and tail |
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Term
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Definition
| dormant male gamete cells (in seminiferous tubules) pre-meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| diploid female germ cell that becomes surrounded by follicular cells and the zona pellucida |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pre-spermiogenesis, post-meiosis germ cells |
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Term
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Definition
| cells lining the seminiferous tubules that nuture and supprt germ cells, may regulate |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that undergo mitotic division and enlarge to form primary oocytes during fetal development |
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Term
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Definition
| primary oocyte surrounded by single layer of follicular cells |
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Term
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Definition
| primary oocyte surrounded by cuboidal follicular cells, later zona pellucida |
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Term
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Definition
| develops when primary follicle has more than one layer of follicular cells |
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Term
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Definition
| nonfunctional secondary female gamete cell formed after meoisis 1 division; receives little of the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| after fertilization, nonfunctional secondary female gamete cell that degenerates; receives little of the cytoplasm |
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Term
| 3 layers of body of uterus |
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Definition
1. perimetrium (thin external)
2. myometrium (thick smooth muscle)
3. endometrium (thin internal) |
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Term
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Definition
DURING LUTEAL PHASE
1. compact layer
2. spongy layer
3. basal layer |
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Term
| compact layer of endometrium |
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Definition
| thin; densely packed connective tissue around necks of uterine glands |
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Term
| spongy layer of endometrium |
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Definition
| thick; edematous connective tissue containing dilated, tortuous bodies of uterine glands |
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Term
| basal layer of endometrium |
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Definition
| thin; contains blind ends of uterine glands |
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Term
| functional layer of endometrium |
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Definition
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Term
| normal site of fertilization |
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Definition
| ampulla of the uterine tube |
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Term
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Definition
| gonadotropin-releasing hormone; synthesized in hypothalamus; stimulates release of LH and FSH in pituitary gland |
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Term
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Definition
| follicle-stimulating hormone; released by pituitary gland; stimulates development of the ovarian follicles/ production of estrogen by follicular cells |
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Term
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Definition
| luteinizing hormone; released by pituitary gland; triggers ovulation, stimulates production of progesterone by follicular cells and corpus luteum |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue adjacent to primary follicle that form capsule; includes theca interna and theca externa |
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Term
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Definition
| follicular fluid-containing cavity within primary follicle; presence indicates secondary follicle status |
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Term
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Definition
| mound of follicular cells surrounding primary oocyte; basis of corona radiata |
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Term
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Definition
| small avascular spot on surface of ovary over sweeling created by growing follicle underneath; balloons to form vesicle after LH surge and ruptures to expel secondary oocyte |
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Term
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Definition
| layers of follicular cells radially surrounding expelled secondary oocyte and zona pellucida |
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Term
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Definition
| glandular structure developed by influence of LH from walls of ovarian follicle remaining in ovary; secretes progesterone and estrogen to prevent menses |
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Term
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Definition
| human chorionic gonadotropin; prevents degeration of corpus luteum so that it can continue to produce hormones to support pregnancy; produced by syncytiotrophoblast |
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Term
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Definition
| permanent cessation of menstruation |
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Term
| phases of menstrual cycle |
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Definition
1. menstrual phase
2. proliferative phase
3. luteal phase
4. ischemic phase
OR pregnancy phase |
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Term
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Definition
| sperms + secretions from accessory glands |
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Term
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Definition
1. passage of sperm thru corona radiata
2. penetration of zona pellucida
3. fusion of plasma membranes
4. 2nd meiotic divsion of oocyte/ formation of female pronucleus
5. formation of male pronucleus
6. fusion of pronuclei to form zygote |
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Term
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Definition
| early pregnancy factor; protects zygote from maternal immune system; produced by trophoblastic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| embryonic cells after first division of zygote |
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Term
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Definition
| early stage when blastomeres change shape of tightly align themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| post-12-cell stage mass of embryonic cells (~3 days post-fertlization) |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid-filled cavity that forms inside morula producing blastocyst (forms via blastogenesis) |
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Term
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Definition
| thin, outer cell layer of blastocyst --->embryonic placenta |
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Term
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Definition
| inner cell mass of blastocyst ---> embryo proper |
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Term
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Definition
| opposite abembryonic pole; pole of blastocyst next to embryoblast |
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Term
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Definition
DIFFERENTIATE POST-IMPLANTATION (~6 DAYS)
1. syncytiotrophoblast
2. cytotrophoblast |
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Term
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Definition
| mononucleated layer of trophoblastic cells that forms new cells that migrate into syncytiotrophoblast |
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Term
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Definition
| multinucleated mass of trophoblastic cells that invades endometrial epithelium, implanting conceptus; produces hCG and progesterone; establishes early uteroplacental circulation ---> placenta |
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Term
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Definition
| cuboidal cells; "roof" of exocoelomic cavity; --->endoderm |
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Term
| extraembryonic structures forming during 2nd week |
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Definition
| amniotic cavity, amnion, yolk sac, connecting stalk, chorionic sac |
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Term
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Definition
| bilaminar disc composed of epiblast and hypoblast that gives rise to germ layers of embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| created by decidual reaction; connective tissue of the uterine endometrial epithelium around implantation that accumulate glycogen and lipids to 1. degenerate to provide nutrition 2. provide immunologically privileged site |
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Term
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Definition
| cavity that develops above epiblast |
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Term
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Definition
| lining of amniontic cavity; epiblastic cells that separate into amnioblasts or amniogenic cells (still continuous with epiblast) |
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Term
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Definition
| forms after blastocystic cavity lined with exocoelomic membrane (hypoblastic cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| Heuser's (exocoelomic) membrane forms from hypoblast, lines blastocystic cavity; exocoelomic membrane + hypoblast = primary yolk sac |
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Term
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Definition
| forms from yolk sac endoderm; surrounds amnion and yolk sac |
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Term
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Definition
| isolated cavities in syncytiotrophoblast that fill with maternal blood (ruptured capillaries) and cellular debris (eroded glands); basis of primordial uteroplacental circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| fibrinous coagulum of blood that closes hole in uterine endometrial epithelium created by embedding conceptus |
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Term
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Definition
| fused lacunae; primordia of intervillous spaces of placenta |
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Term
| extraembryonic coelomic spaces |
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Definition
| spaces that appear in developing extraembryonic mesoderm; fuse to form ee coelom |
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Term
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Definition
| cavity that forms in ee mesoderm---> chorionic cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| replacement yolk sac formed by ee endodermal cells; ---> gut |
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Term
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Definition
| proliferation of cytotrophoblastic cells via extensions into syncytiotrophoblast |
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Term
| extraembryonic somatic mesoderm |
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Definition
| splits from ee coelom to line trophoblast and amnion; together w/ trophoblast layers forms chorion;--->lines body wall |
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Term
| extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm |
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Definition
| splits from ee mesoderm to surround yolk sac; ---> lines gut, forms smooth muscle |
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Term
| chorion/ chorionic cavity |
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Definition
| chorion = lining of ee somatic meso., trophoblast layers; chorionic cavity contains embryo/ amniotic and yolk sacs; forms from ee coelom |
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Term
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Definition
| connects embryo, amniotic/yolk sacs to chorion |
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Term
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Definition
| tight association between columnar epiblastic and hypoblastic cells; indicates future site of mouth; organizer of head region; =prochordal plate; stays bilaminar through development of mesodermal layer;--->oropharyngeal membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| implantation of blastocyst outside uterus (uterine tube [tubal], pouch of Douglas or mesenteries [abdominal], cervical, ovarian) |
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Term
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Definition
| implantation inside the uterus at the internal os; placenta covers os causing complications |
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Term
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Definition
| thicker layer of cells in embryonic disc; high columnar; related to amniotic cavity--->ectoderm ----->CNS, epitheliium |
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Term
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Definition
| provide lipids, glycogen, and nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| procedure to diagnose fetal chromosomal abnormalities; small amt. of amniotic fluid removed from amniotic cavity, contains epiblastic cells that can be analyzed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| trophoblastic hyperplasia |
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Definition
hydatidiform mole (molar pregnancy)
malignant chorioepithelioma |
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