Term
| Human development begins when what two things come together? |
|
Definition
| oocyte(ovum) and sperm (spermatozoon) |
|
|
Term
| A fertilized ovum is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Most development occurs before birth? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The period of 3-8 weeks before birth? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The period of 9 weeks until birth is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stages of development can be divided into two categories what are they? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Concerned with the origin and development of human being from a zygote to the birth of an infant? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| study of the causes, mechanisms, and patterns of abnormal development? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The fertilization process is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ refers to the female germ or sex cell produced in the ovaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When mature the oocyte is called what? |
|
Definition
| secondary oocyte (mature oocyte) |
|
|
Term
| _____ refers to the male germ cell or sex cell produced in the testes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cell formed by the union of an oocyte and a sperm? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Gestational age of the embryo is from when? |
|
Definition
| first day of the last normal menstrual period |
|
|
Term
| Fertilization is how many weeks shorter than the gestational age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mitotic cell division of the zygote, forms embryonic daughter cells called blastomeres? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Embryonic daughter cells are called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is created when 12 to about 32 blastomeres (daughter cells) have formed? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The morula stage is reached how many days after fertilization, just as the developing human enters the uterus from the uterine tube (fallopian tube) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| After the morula passes from the uterine tube into the uterus, a fluid filled cavity forms inside called the ____? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The inner cell or embryoblast will form what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The outer cell or trophoblast forms what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| term that refers to the developing human during its early stages of development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: by the end of the eight week (the end of the embryonic stage) all of the major structures of the developing human are present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| refers to the embryo or fetus and its membranes and all the structures that develop from the zygote, both embryonic and extraembryonic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conceptus includes what three things as well? |
|
Definition
| amnion, chorionic sac, and the placenta |
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|
Term
| first indication of the beginning of an organ or a structure and is the earliest stage of development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primordium of the upper limb appears as a bud on about day __? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: during the fetal period the differentiation and growth of the tissues and organs are not formed? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| period consisting of three calendar months? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| refers to the expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus before it is viable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The threatened abortion is common in about what percent of pregnancies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most critical stages of development occur during what trimester? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| About __ % of pregnancies end in spontaneous abortions (they occur naturally) usually during the first 12 weeks? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| evacuation of the embryo and its membrane by suction from the uterus? |
|
Definition
| legally induced abortion (elective abortion) |
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|
Term
| retention of a conceptus in the uterus after death of the embryo or fetus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| refers to the aborted products of a conception, which is an embryo and fetus and its associated membranes, such as the amnion and chorionic sac? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| term that refers to an interruption of pregnancy during the later stages of pregnancy; after the 20th week |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Each sex has reproductive or sex organs that produce and transport the germ cells otherwise known as? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| serves as the excretory passage for menstrual fluid? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| thick-walled, pear-shaped organ and consists of two main parts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two parts of the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the expanded two-thirds of the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the cylindrical inferior third of the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rounded part of the uterine body that lies superior to the orfices of the uterine tubes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____ of the cervix, the cervical canal, has a constricted opening, the os (ostrium) at each end? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The _____ os communicates with the cavity of the body of the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ____ os communicates with the vagina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thin external layer of peritoneum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thick smooth muscle layer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a thin internal mucuous membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At the peak of its development the endometrium becomes _ to _ mm thick? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers of the endometrium? |
|
Definition
compact layer
spongy layer
basal layer |
|
|
Term
| this layer of the endometrium consists of densely packed connective tissue around the neck of the uterine glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the layer of the endometrium is composed of edematous connective tissue containing dilated, tortuous bodies of the uterine glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this layer of the endometrium contains the blind ends of the uterine glands? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The ____ tubes extending 10 cm long and 1 cm in diameter, extends laterally from the horns of the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The uterine tube is divided into 4 parts? |
|
Definition
1. infundibulum
2. ampulla
3. isthmus
4. uterine part |
|
|
Term
| The fertilization site is the ___ of the uterine tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| almond shaped glands located on each side of the uterus that produce oocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ovaries also produces two hormones that are responsible for the development of the secondary sex characteristics and regulation of pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Male reproductive system organs include the?
9 things |
|
Definition
penis
testes
epididymis
ductus deferens (vas deferens)
prostate
seminal glands(vesicles)
bulbourethal glands
ejaculatory ducts
urethra |
|
|
Term
| two oval shaped glands that are suspended in the scrotum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each testes consists of many highly coiled ________ that produces sperm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| single, complexly coiled tube which stores the immature sperms which pass from the testes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carries the sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct? |
|
Definition
| ductus deferens (vas deferens) |
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|
Term
| tube the leads from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| consists of sperm mixed with fluid produced by the seminal vesicle, bulbourethral glands and prostate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of cell division in which the gametes are formed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meiotic cell division is males is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meiotic cell division in females is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is different about the second meiotic division rather than the first? |
|
Definition
| same except without DNA replication |
|
|
Term
| process by which the spermatogonia are transformed into mature germ cells, or sperms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| largest germ cells in the seminiferous tubules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The secondary spermatocytes undergo second meiotic division to form four haploid _____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| process in which the spermatids are gradually transformed into four mature sperms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The spermatogenesis including spermiogenesis requires approximately how many months for completion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| free-swimming, actively motile cell, consists of a head and a tail? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the junction between the head and the tail? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| forms the bulk of the sperm, contains the nucleus which has 23 chromosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anterior two thirds of the head is covered by the _____, a caplike organelle containing enzymes that facilitate sperm penetration during fertilization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| provides the motility of the sperm, assisting with its transport to the site of fertilization in the ampulla of the uterine tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The maturation process begins during the fetal period but is not completed until after _____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| refers to the sequence of events by which oogonia are transformed into oocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shortly before ovulation a primary oocyte completes what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which one receives more cytoplasm in oogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The secondary oocyte is released at ovulation is surrounded by a glycoprotein material, known as ________ and a layer of follicular cells called _______? |
|
Definition
zona pellucida
corona radiata |
|
|
Term
| Female reproductive cycles are regulated by what three things? |
|
Definition
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
ovaries |
|
|
Term
| releasing hormone is synthesized by neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stimulates the development of ovarian follicles and the production of estrogen by the follicular cells? |
|
Definition
| follicular stimulating hormone |
|
|
Term
| serves as the trigger for ovulation and stimulates the follicular cell;s and corpus luteum to produce progesterone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What three things make up the ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
| development of follicles, ovulation, and formation of corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
| connective tissue capsule surrounding the follicle is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
an internal and glandular layer called the?
part of theca folliculi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
capsule-like layer known as the?
part of theca folliculi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thecal cells are believed to produce what that promotes growth of blood vessels in the theca interna? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| process in which the stigma then ruptures, expelling the secondary oocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the antrum forms, the ovarian follicle is called a ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary oocyte is surrounded by a mound of follicular cells known as _____ which projects into the enlarged antrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| small,oval, avascular spot the ____ soon appears on this bulge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| under the influence of LH, the walls of the follicle develop into a glandular structure the _____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the oocyte is fertilized the corpus luteum enlarges to form ______________ and increases its hormone production? |
|
Definition
| corpus luteum of pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| Degeneration of the corpus luteum is prevented by _________? |
|
Definition
| human chorionic gonadotrophin |
|
|
Term
| If the oocyte is not fertilized, the corpus luteum will begin to involute and degenerate approximately 10 to 12 days after ovulation called a __________? |
|
Definition
| corpus luteum of menstruation |
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|
Term
| The first day of menstruation is the beginning of the menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the menstrual flow or _____ consists of varying amounts of blood combined with small pieces of endometrial tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The surge in LH elicited by the high level of estrogen in the blood appears to cause the stigma to do what? |
|
Definition
| rupture, expelling the secondary oocyte with the follicular fluid |
|
|
Term
| Under the influence of LH after ovulation the walls of the follicle develop into a glandular structure called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The corpus luteum secretes primarily what hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The corpus luteum is subsequently transformed into white scar tissue in the ovary forming what? |
|
Definition
corpus albicans
(degenerating corpus luteum) |
|
|
Term
| Period during which the oocyte matures, is ovulated and enters the uterine tube? |
|
Definition
| menstrual (endometrial) cycle |
|
|
Term
| The hormones produced by the ovarian follicles and corpus luteum (estrogen and progesterone) does what in the endometrium of the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The average menstrual cycle is __ days? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
menstrual phase
proliferative (repair) phase
Luteal (secretory) phase |
|
|
Term
| How long does the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lasting approximately 9 days coincides with growth of the ovarian follicles and is controlled by estrogen secreted in these follicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lasting approximately 13 days, coincides with the formation, function and growth of the corpus luteum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ produced by the corpus luteum stimulates the glandular epithelium to secrete a glycogne-rich, mucoid material? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| refers to the way of the oocyte and sperms meet each other in the amuplla of the uterine tube, the usual site of fertilization? |
|
Definition
| transportation of gametes |
|
|
Term
| The fingerlike processes of the tube, the _____ move back and forth over the ovary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The oocyte passes into the ampulla of the tube, primarily as a result of _____ movement of the walls of the tube characterized by alternate contraction and relaxation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| from their storage site in the epididymis, sperms are rapidly transported to the urethra by peristaltic contractions of the ductus deferens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an enzyme produced by the seminal glands, coagulates some of the semen and prevents backflow of semen into the vagina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the semen that stimulates uterine motility and help to move the sperms through the uterus and tubes to the site of fertilization in the uterine tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False; freshly ejaculated sperm can fertilize oocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The freshly ejaculated sperm must undergo a period of conditioning called what for 7 hours? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the sperms usually capacitated? |
|
Definition
| uterus or uterine tubes by substances secreted by these organs |
|
|
Term
| this reaction must be completed before a sperm can fuse with the oocyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| OOcytes are usually fertilized withing how many hours of ovulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| passage of a sperm through the corona radiata of the oocyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dispersal of the follicular cells results by the acrion of what enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The poteolytic enzyme ______ appears to cause lysis of the zona pellucida, forming a path for the sperm to follow to the oocyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once the sperm penetrates the zona pellucida a ____ occurs making it impermeable to other sperms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cell membranes break down where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nucleus of the mature oocyte becomes the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Within the cytoplasm of the oocyte, the nucelus of the sperm enlarges to form the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During growth the male and female pronuclei replicate their? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The combination of 23 chromosomes in each pronucleus results in a zygote with how many chromosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fertilization stimulates the secondary oocyte to do what? |
|
Definition
| complete the second meiotic division, producing the second polar body |
|
|
Term
| Fertilization causes metabolic activation of the oocyte which initiates what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The division of the zygote begins approximately how many hours after fertilization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during clevage the zygote is still contained within the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to form compact ball of cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shortly after the morula enters the uterus uterine fluid passes through the zona pellucida to form a fluid filled space called____ inside the morula? |
|
Definition
| blastocystic cavity (blastocoel) |
|
|
Term
| The thin outer cells that gives rise to the embryonic part of the placenta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| group of centrally located blastomeres that is the primordium of the embryo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The inner cell mass is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| layer of flattened blastomeres that form the outer cell mass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the embryoblast now projects into the blastocystic cavity and the _____ forms the wall of the blastocyst? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the blastocyst has floated in the uterine fluid for approximately 2 days, the zona pellucida does what? |
|
Definition
| degenerates and disappears |
|
|
Term
| True or False: shedding of the zona pellucida permits the blastocyst to increase rapidly in size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After about 6 days after fertilization, the blastocyst attaches to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the outer layer consisting of a multinucleate protoplasmic mass formed by a fusion of cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The highly invasive syncytiotrophoblast rapidly expands to the embryoblast towards the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ produce proteolytic enzymes that erode the material tissues, enabling the blastocyst to burrow into the endometrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At the end of the first week, a cuboidal layer of cells called ____ appears on the surface of the embryoblast, facing the blastocystic cavity are called the epiblast of the amnionic cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| by the end of the ___ week, the blastocyst is superficially implanted in the endometrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
