Term
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Definition
| transformation of the ectoderm into nervous tissue, to form a neural tube |
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Term
| Neurulation is induced by the... |
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Definition
| notochord aka chordamesoderm |
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Term
| Neurulation happens at ___ weeks post-fertilization |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
The notochord up-regulates expression of BMP-4 to promote neural plate formation |
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Definition
false
The notochord INHIBITS BMP-4 using molecules such as Noggin and Chordin, which allows the neural plate to form |
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Term
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Definition
| a gene involved with epidermal expression. it needs to be down-regulated in order for the neural plate to form |
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Term
| What are the steps of neurulation |
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Definition
1. Ectoderm thickens forming neural plate
2. Edges of plate raise forming neural folds
3. Lateral edges of plate come together forming neural tube
4. Tube separates from ectoderm, which fuses above the tube
5.Tube forms cranially & caudally until anterior & posterior neuropores close |
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Term
| What molecules are neural inducers? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does neural tube formation start? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does neural tube formation stop? |
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Definition
| when anterior & posterior neuropores close |
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Term
| What are neural crest cells? |
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Definition
| cells between neural plate & surface ectoderm, will form PNS, melanocytes, head/neck structures etc |
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Term
| The _____ allows the neural plate to fold inward, while the _____ allow it to converge in the midline. This is facilitated by what protein? |
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Definition
median hinge point - inward
dorsolateral hinge points (2) - form bend at the crest of the 'wings'
F-actin |
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Term
| Cellular basis for neural induction |
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Definition
| F actin mediates change in shape of cells at the median & dorsolateral hinge points, so they are bottle shaped facilitating the bending |
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Term
| Prior to folding, the neural plate expresses transcription factors ____ and ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| What gene induces the median hinge point? |
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Definition
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Term
| What gene is involved with giving neural crest cells their ability to migrate easily? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ventrally, ____ suppresses expression of Pax-3 & Pax-4, while ____ promotes their exression dorsally, allowing the tubular shape to form. |
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Definition
shh suppresses ventrally
Wnt & WMP promote dorsally |
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Term
| the PNS is derived from 3 sources, what are they and what do each give rise to? |
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Definition
-neural crest cells (postganglionic ANS)
-neural tube (preganglionic ANS, skeletal motor neurons)
-mesoderm (duramater, CT of nerves) |
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Term
| What is secondary neurulation? |
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Definition
-caudal to posterior neuropore
-rod of mesenchymal cells form a rod
-cavitation creates a central canal
-canal becomes continuous with canal from primary neurulation |
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Term
| _____ neurulation contributes to tail formation |
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Definition
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Term
| The marginal layer of the neural tube forms _____ matter of CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| The mantle layer of the neural tube forms ____ matter of the CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| The _______ layer of the neural tube gives rise to neuroblasts |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 layers of the mantle/intermediate layer of the neural tube. sensory or motor? |
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Definition
alar plate - dorsal, sensory
basal plate - ventral, motor |
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Term
Derivatives of neural crest cells
DASMOM |
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Definition
DASMOM
-dorsal root ganglia
-autonomic ganglia
-schwann cells
-melanocytes
-odontoblasts
-mesenchyme |
|
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Term
| 3 major groups of neural crest cells |
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Definition
cranial
circumpharyngeal
trunk neural crest |
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Term
| Preganglionic neurons of the SNS and PSNS originate from the... |
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Definition
| basal plate of the mantle layer |
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Term
| Postganglionic neurons of the SNS and PSNS originate from the.... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
The posterior region of the neural tube develops into the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary brain vesicles are formed by the ___ week |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon |
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Term
| Divisions of the prosencephalon and what they give rise to |
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Definition
telencephalon (cerebral cortex)
diencephalon (thalamus/hypothalamus) |
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Term
| Midbrain comes from what primary brain structure.. |
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Definition
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Term
| Divisions of the rhombencephalon |
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Definition
| metencephalon (pons & cerebellum) and myelencephalon (medulla oblongata) |
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Term
| What cells produce CSF in the brain? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where are lateral ventricles of the brain formed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the 3rd ventricle of the brain formed? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where is the fourth ventricle of the brain formed? |
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Definition
| rhombencephalon (metencephalon & myelencephalon) |
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Term
| the 3rd & 4th ventricles are connected via the... |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| when the anterior neuropore of the neural tube fails to close |
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Term
|
Definition
| when the posterior neuropore of the neural tube fails to close |
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Term
| What is waardenburg syndrome? |
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Definition
| neurocristopathy characterized by white patches of hair due to failure of melanocytes to migrate. May also see very pale blue eyes or heterochromic eyes |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| spini bifida with the meninges protruding |
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Term
|
Definition
| spina bifida with the meninges and the spinal cord itself protruding |
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