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| The science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data. |
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| A characteristic or attribute that can assume different values (the final exam grade for all students taking a class). |
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| The values (measurements or observations) that the variables can assume. |
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| A collection of data values that forms a data set (80,75,98). |
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| Each value in a data set (80). |
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| Variables whose values are determined by chance. |
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| Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics |
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| Statistics consisting of the collection, organization, summarization, and presentation of data. (census) |
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| Statistics which consist of generalizing from samples to populations, performing estimations and hypothesis tests, determining relationships among variables, and making predictions. |
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| the chance of an event occurring |
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| A group consisting of all subjects (human or otherwise) which are being studies |
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| A group of subjects selected from a population. |
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| A decision-making process used for evaluating claims about a population based on information obtained from samples. |
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| Qualitative and Quantitative Variables |
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| Types of data uses in statistical studies |
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| Variables that can be placed into categories based on some distinct characteristic or attribute. (gender, religion, etc) |
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| Variables which are numerical and can be ordered or ranked. (age, IQ, weight, etc) |
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| Discrete Variables and Continuous Variables |
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| Classifications of quantitative variables. |
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| Variables that can be assigned numbers such as 0, 1, 2, 3 and are said to be countable. |
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| Variables which can assume an infinite number of values between any two specific values. They are obtained by measuring, and they often include fractions and decimals. (Rounded but have boundaries - 73 could be any value from 72.5-73.5 not including 7.35) |
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| How variables are counted, categorized, or measured (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio). |
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| Level of measurement which classifies data into mutually exclusive (nonoverlapping) categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed on the data. (political party, religion, etc) |
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| The level of measurement which classifies data into categories that can be ranked; however, precise differences between the ranks do not exist. (letter grade, order of floats in parade, etc) |
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| Level of measurement which ranks data, and precise differences between units of measure do exist; however, there is no meaningful zero. (always exists, such as temperature, IQ, etc) |
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| Level of measurement which possesses all the characteristics of interval measurement, and there exists a true zero. In addition, true ratios exist when the same variable is measured on two different members of the population. (amount of weight that can be lifted, amount of money in pocket, etc) |
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| Random, Systematic, Stratified, Cluster |
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| The four basic methods of sampling used in statistics |
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| Samples are selected by using chance methods or random numbers |
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| Samples are obtained by numbering the subjects in the population and selecting the kth subject. |
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| Samples are selected by dividing the population into groups (called strata) according to some characteristic that is important to the study, then sampling from each group. |
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| Samples are selected by dividing the population into groups called clusters by some means such as geographic area or schools in a large school district, etc. Then the researcher randomly selects some of these clusters and uses all members of the selected clusters as the subjects of the samples |
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| Sampling done by using subjects that are convenient (all people entering a mall) |
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| Types of statistical studies |
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| Observational study and Experimental study |
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| A study in which the researcher merely observes what is happening or what has happened in the past and tries to draw conclusions based on these observations. |
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| A study in which the researcher manipulates one of the variables and tries to determine how that manipulation influences the other variables. |
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| The variable in an experimental study which is being manipulated by the researcher - also called the explanatory variable. |
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| The variable in an experimental study which is measured to see if it has changed significantly due to the manipulation of the independent variable. Also called the outcome variable. |
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| A variable in an experimental study which influences the dependent or outcome variable but was not separated form the independent variable. (better diet in exercise experiment) |
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| Effect discovered during an experiment which showed people change their actions or behaviors when they know they are being observed. |
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