Term
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Definition
| These rocks cover about 75% of the world's land area. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sedimentary rocks cover about __% of the world's land area. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sedimentary rocks form when loose ___ (gravel, sand, silt or clay) becomes compacted and/or cemented to form rock |
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Term
| compacted and/or cemented |
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Definition
| Sedimentary rocks form when loose sediment (gravel, sand, silt or clay) becomes ___ and/or ___ to form rock. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ rocks form when loose sediment (gravel, sand, silt, or clay) becomes compacted and/or cemented to form rock. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of converting sediment to sedimentary rock is called ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sediment is deposited in horizontal layers called ___ or ___. |
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Term
| Sedimentary rocks contain fossil record which preserves the evolving story of life on Earth. |
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Definition
| Why study Sedimentary Geology? |
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Term
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Definition
| Sedimentary rocks contain ___ which preserves the evolving story of life on Earth. |
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Term
- feldspars undergo hydrolysis to form clay
- biotite and amphibole undergo hydrolysis to form clay, and oxidation to form iron oxides
- Na, Ca, and K ions are lost in solution and washed away
- small amounts of Si from feldspars, biotite and amphibole are lost in the solution
- quartz remains as sand grains due to its resistance to weathering. |
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Definition
| Describe the steps of chemical weathering of granite in a humid climate. |
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Term
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Definition
| When clay weathers, what does it form? |
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Term
| cement, ochre, or iron ore |
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Definition
| When iron oxides weathers, what does it form? |
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Term
| limestone, evaporates, or become included in shale |
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Definition
| When Na, Ca, and K ions weathers, what does it form? |
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Term
| chert, silica cement or diatomite |
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Definition
| When Si ions weathers, what does it form? |
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Term
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Definition
| When quartz weathers, what does it form? |
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Term
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Definition
| What are the two types of sedimentary rocks? |
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Term
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Definition
| Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified by ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ sedimentary rocks are classified by grain size. |
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Term
| gravel, sand, silt, and clay |
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Definition
| What are the types of grain size in clastic sedimentary rocks, from smallest to largest? |
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Term
| conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and shale |
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Definition
| What are the types of clastic sedimentary rocks? |
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Term
| evaporites (e.g. halite), carbonate sedimentary rocks (limestone and dolomite) and siliceous sedimentary rocks (chert and diatomite) |
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Definition
| What are the types of nonclastic sedimentary rocks? |
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Term
| peat, lignite, bituminous coal and anthracite coal |
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Definition
| What are the different types of organic sedimentary rocks that are nonclastic? |
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Term
| Clastic sedimentary rocks |
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Definition
| ___ are derived from the weathering of pre-existing rocks, which have been transported to the depositional basin. |
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Term
| Clastic sedimentary rocks are derived from the weathering of pre-existing rocks, which have been transported to the depositional basin. |
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Definition
| How are clastic sedimentary rocks formed? |
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Term
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Definition
| Fine-grained textures typically indicate deposition in ___ water. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ textures typically indicate deposition in quiet water. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sedimentary structures can provide information about the ___ under which the sediment was deposited. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ are larger features which form during (or shortly after) deposition of the sediment, but before lithification |
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Term
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Definition
| Some structures form in ___ under ___ conditions, whereas others form in moving water or high energy conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Some structures form in quiet water under low energy conditions whereas others form in moving water or ___ conditions. |
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Term
| stratification (layering or bedding) |
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Definition
| ___ is the most obvious feature of sedimentary rocks. |
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Term
| cross-bedding or cross-stratification |
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Definition
| This is an arrangement of beds or laminations in which one set of layers is inclined relative to the others. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ are produced by waves. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ form in unidirectional currents (such as in streams or rivers) |
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Term
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Definition
| these are a polygonal pattern of cracks produced on the surface of mud as it dries. |
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Term
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Definition
| These are depressions or erosional features formed as a current flows across a bed of sand. |
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Term
| depositional environments |
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Definition
| This includes all of the physical, chemical, biological, and geographic conditions under which sediments are deposited. |
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Term
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Definition
| By comparing modern sedimentary deposits with ancient sedimentary deposits, the ___ can be interpreted. |
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Term
| marine environments (ocean), transitional environments (along contact between ocean and land) and continental environments (on land) |
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Definition
| What are the three broad categroeis of depositional environments? |
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Term
| continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise, and abyssal plain |
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Definition
| What are the four types of marine depositional environments. |
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Term
| deltas, beaches and barrier islands, lagoons, tidal flats, and estuaries |
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Definition
| What are the five types of transitional depositional environments? |
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Term
- fan-shaped accumulations of sediment
- formed where a river flows into a standing body of water, such as a lake or the sea
- coarser sediment (sand) tends to be deposited near the mouth of the river; finer sediment is carried seaward and deposited in deeper water
- the delta builds seaward (or progrades) as sediment is deposited at the river mouth |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| this is when the deltas build seaward. |
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Term
-shoreline deposits
- exposed to wave energy
- dominated by sand |
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Definition
| describe beaches and barrier islands |
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Term
| rivers or fluvial environments, alluvial fans, lakes (or lacustrine environments), glacial environments, and eolian environments |
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Definition
| What are the five different kinds of continental environments? |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a body of sedimentary, extrusive igneous, metasedimentary, or metavolcanic rock distinguished on the basis of lithologic characteristics (texture, color, composition, etc.) and stratigraphic position. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ are fundamental units of lithostratigraphic units |
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Term
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Definition
| In lithostratigraphic units, subdivisions within formations are called ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| In lithostratigraphic units, a set of similar or related formations is called a ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is when each depositional environment grades laterally into other depositional environments. |
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Term
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Definition
| a sea-level drop is called a ___. |
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Term
| coarsening upward (shallowing-upward) |
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Definition
| A regression produces a ___ sequence of facies. |
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Term
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Definition
| A ___ produces a coarsening upward (shallowing-upward) sequence of facies. |
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Term
| coarser-grained; finer-grained |
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Definition
| In a regression, ___ facies overlie ___ facies. |
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Term
-buildup of ice in the polar caps
-formation of glaciers
- localized uplift of the land in coastal areas |
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Definition
| What are three causes of regressions? |
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Term
-buildup of ice in the polar caps
-formation of glaciers
- localized uplift of the land in coastal areas |
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Definition
| What are three causes of regressions? |
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Term
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Definition
| a sea-level rise is called a ___. |
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Term
| fining-upward (deepening upward) |
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Definition
| A transgression produces a ___ sequence of facies. |
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Term
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Definition
| A ___ produces a fining-upward (deepening-upward) sequence of facies |
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Term
| finer-grained (deep water); coarser-grained (shallow water) |
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Definition
| In a transgression, ___ facies overlie ___ facies |
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Term
- melting of polar ice caps
- displacement of ocean water by undersea volcanism
- localized sinking or subsidence of the land in coastal areas. |
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Definition
| What causes transgressions? |
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Term
| conformable and unconformable |
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Definition
| What are two different types of contacts between rock units? |
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Term
| unconformable contacts or unconformities |
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Definition
| ___ are surfaces which represent a gap in the geologic record |
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Term
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Definition
| What causes unconformable contacts? |
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Term
| millions of years to hundreds of millions of years |
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Definition
| The time represented by the gap in unconformities can vary widely, ranging from ___ to ___. |
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Term
- angular unconformity
- nonconformity
- disconformity |
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Definition
| What are the three types of unconformity? |
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Term
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Definition
| What are the two main categories for the way rocks can be depicted? |
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Term
| geologic columns and stratigraphic cross-sections |
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Definition
| What are the two types of cross sections for depicting rocks? |
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Term
| geologic maps, paleogeographic maps, isopach maps and lithofacies maps |
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Definition
| What are the four types of maps used for depicting rocks? |
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Term
| the distribution of various layers and types of rocks in an area |
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Definition
| What do geologic maps show? |
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Term
| structural features and formation names |
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Definition
| What do geologic map symbols indicate? |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ are interpretive maps which depict the geography of an area at some time in the past. |
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