Term
| Where are steroid endocrines synthesized from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Steroid endocrines are lipophobic/lipophilic, polar/nonpolar, and hydrophilic/hydrophobic. |
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Definition
| Lipophilic, nonpolar, and hydrophobic. |
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Term
| What do steroid endocrines often need but not always? |
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Definition
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Term
| Steroid endocrines can do what to DNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| What produces steroid endocrines? |
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Definition
| Gonads, adrenal cortex, and the placenta. |
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Term
| True or False: Endocrines are ligands. |
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Definition
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Term
| What do hydrophilic endocrines do? |
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Definition
| Activate the second messenger system. |
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Term
| What do hydrophobic endocrines do? |
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Definition
| Activate DNA transcription. |
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Term
| What are some spots for disruption (positive or negative) in the endocrine system? |
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Definition
| Endocrine synthesis/release, recepter expression, and it can alter clearing time, which is the time the ligand is in the pathway, by catabolism and/or excretion. |
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Term
| Regulating endocrine secretion is based on what? |
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Definition
| Concentration of substances in plasma such as ion levels and nutrients, neurotransmitters (ACh stimulates adrenal medulla and hypothalamic neurons receive input from other neurons), and other endocrines which can cause other endocrines to be released(Pituitary endocrines stimulate other glands). |
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Term
| The hypothalamus contains ________ that release ________. |
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Definition
| The hypothalamus contains neurons that release endocrines. |
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Term
| What is referred to as the "Master Gland?" |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two ways to release endocrines to the pituitary glands? |
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Definition
| To the Anterior Pituitary Gland via portal vasculature, and down the axon of hypothalamic neurons to the Posterior Pituitary Gland. |
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Term
| Where is the infundibulum and what does it do? |
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Definition
| It is in the Pituitary Gland and it connects the brain to the Pituitary Gland. |
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Term
| What is also called the Hypothesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What secretes hypophysiotropic endocrines and how many are there? |
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Definition
| The anterior pituitary gland. There are seven. |
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Term
| How many endocrines does the posterior pituitary gland secrete? |
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Definition
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Term
| Communication Overview: What are the steps? |
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Definition
| Stress=neural input -> Hypothalamus releases endocrine 1 to cause the APG to release endocrine 2 which goes to a gland that causes the release of endocrine 3 which goes to the effector. Endocrine 3 causes a physiological change and goes back to inhibit the release of endocrines 1 and 2. |
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Term
| What are the benefits of having so many steps for communication? |
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Definition
| There are many opportunities to regulate it (+ or -), and amplification can arise, meaning few endocrine 1 communicating with many endocrine 3. |
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Term
| What are the 5 stimulating hormones in the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
1. Corticotropin-releasing hormone(CRH)
2. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone(TRH)
3. Growth hormone-releasing hormone(GHRH)
4. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)
5. Prolactin-releasing factor(PRF) |
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Term
| What does the CRH stimulate? |
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Definition
| Adrenocortictropin hormone(ACTH) |
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Term
| What does the GnRH stimulate? |
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Definition
| Luteinizing Hormone(LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH). |
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Term
| What does the TRH stimulate? |
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Definition
| Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH). |
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Term
| What does the GHRH stimulate? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two inhibiting hormones in the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
1. Somatostatin(SS)
2. Dopamine(DA) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What is the pathway of transmission of the 7 hypophysiotropic endocrines? |
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Definition
| To the APG via portal veins. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Liver plus many other organs and tissues for protein synthesis and carb and fat metabolism. |
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Term
| Where are FSH and LH located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is prolactin located? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do mammary glands do? |
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Definition
| Increase breast tissue and milk production |
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Term
| What is secreted from the gonads? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is secreted from the liver? |
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Definition
| IGF-1(insulin-like growth factor-1) |
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Term
| What is secreted from the thyroid gland? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is secreted from the adrenal cortex? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two things come out of the APG but we don't know why or what they are? |
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Definition
1. Beta-lipotropin
2. Beta-endorphin |
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Term
| What are the two Posterior Pituitary Gland hormones? |
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Definition
| Oxytocin and Vasopressin. |
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Term
| What is the function of oxytocin? |
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Definition
| For lactation and labor contractions. For males if it was missing then it would make it difficult to interact with people. |
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Term
| What is the function of vasopressin? |
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Definition
| It is in the kidneys and blood vessels and is an anti-diuretic hormone(ADH). |
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Term
| Oxytocin and Vasopressin act as _________ in other parts of the brain. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the transmission of oxytocin and vasopressin? |
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Definition
| Extensions of the hypothalamus. |
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Term
| Where is the thyroid gland? |
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Definition
| Below larynx and two lobes straddling trachea. |
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Term
| What is the thyroid gland composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| The thyroid gland is edged with what? |
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Definition
| Follicular cells filled with colloid(extracellular) |
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Term
| The thyroid gland is active in what type of individual for what purpose? |
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Definition
| In the fetus and children for neural(brain) development. |
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Term
| What are the two thyroid hormones? |
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Definition
| T3(triiodothronine) and T4(thyroxine) |
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Term
| Where is T4 most abundant? |
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Definition
| In circulation(better traveler) |
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|
Term
| What thyroid hormone is the most active? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where can T3 also be made? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Follicular cells have receptors for TSH. TSH stimulates T3 and T4 production in colloid. TH inhibit TSH and TRH. |
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Term
| T3 and T4 can be made where? |
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Definition
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Term
| In most TH cells there are what kind of receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Metabolic effects generate what? |
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Definition
| Heat(they do equation #2) |
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Term
| TH enhances the use of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| TH promotes effects of what? |
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Definition
| Sympathetic nervous system(want more ATP) |
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Term
| TH are important is what kinds of people? |
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Definition
| Children for neural development |
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Term
| The growth hormone effects are accompanied by what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are two types of thyroid disorders? |
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Definition
| Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism |
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Term
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Definition
| An iodine defficiency. There is no negative feedback from TH. Excess TSH is secreted(overstimulated follicular cells). Result is an enlarged gland called a goiter. |
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Term
| What are some symptoms of hypothyroidism? |
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Definition
| Cold intolerance, increase in weight, fatigue(not getting ATPs) |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA Grave's disease, antibodies activate TSH receptors(act as agonists) which increases TH production. Negative feedback is not effective and an enlarged gland called a goiter is the result. |
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Term
| Symptoms of hyperthyroidism? |
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Definition
| Heat intolerance, decrease in weight, increase in sympathetic nervous system activity(more active) |
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Term
| Where is the adrenal cortex located? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The adrenal cortex produces what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the adrenal cortex do to stress? |
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Definition
| It mediates, or shows, stress which is when your body thinks there is no food available) |
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Term
| The metabolic endocrine for stress is located where and does what? |
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Definition
| Liver. It increase glucose fertilization and breaks down fat and protein....then the bone! |
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Term
| Stress can deteriorate what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Smooth muscles responsive to epi and norepi. |
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Term
| Stress and anti-inflammatory meaning what? |
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Definition
| It inhibits immune responses so immune system can't do its job. |
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Term
| Stress causes negative feedback on what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Disorders in the adrenal gland consist of a lack of what? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What does it mean when you have an adrenal insufficiency and what is it also known as? |
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Definition
| You are weak, low levels of glucose, and low blood pressure. The is also known as Addison's Syndrome. |
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Term
| What is Cushing's Syndrome? |
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Definition
| You have too much cortisol. It decreases bone strength, increases glucose levels and blood pressure and obesity, and decreases immune responses. |
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Term
| What does somatic growth require? |
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Definition
| Protein synthesis for cell division |
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Term
| Height is determined by the growth of what? |
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Definition
| The growth of your bones. |
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Term
| Explain the growth of your bones. |
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Definition
| New cells are being added to the epiphyseal plates on the ends of your bones. |
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Term
| What fuses the cells to your epiphyseal plates? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The growth of other tissues during somatic growth is based on what? |
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Definition
| Cell proliferation via mitosis. |
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Term
| The GH is secreted from what and is regulated by what? |
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Definition
| APG. It is regulated by SS and GHRH(it is highest during development) |
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Term
| The primary action of endocrine's control of growth is what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| IGF-1 is from what two things? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Stimulation of IGF-1 causes cell proliferation. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| IGF-1 stimulates what and mobilizes what? |
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Definition
| Muscle development and it mobilizes nutrients. |
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Term
| TH is need for what kind of synthesis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortisol can inhibit what? |
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Definition
| Growth(inhibits GH secretion -> opposes effects of GH in tissues) |
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Term
| What two things can help promote growth in the endocrine system? |
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Definition
| Insulin and Sex steroids(stimulate secretion of GH and IGF-1) |
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|
Term
| Testosterone is metabolic or anabolic? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three systems involved in Calcium homeostasis? |
|
Definition
| Bone, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract. |
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Term
| Bones contain how much of the body's calcium and what is constant? |
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Definition
| 99%. Remodeling is constant. Putting stress on bones doesn't take energy from those bones but others. |
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Term
| What does the kidney filter? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The gastrointestinal tract is the site for what? |
|
Definition
| Calcium absorption from diet |
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|
Term
| What are two major endocrines? |
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Definition
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D(AKA calitriol) |
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Term
| The PTH is produced by what and what do they have? |
|
Definition
| Parathyroid glands which have receptors for Calcium |
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|
Term
| The receptors for Calcium in the parathyroid glands decrease what? |
|
Definition
| Concentration of Calcium in the plasma which increases PTH |
|
|
Term
| The PTH acts to do what to plasma and for what purpose? |
|
Definition
| Increase Calcium concentration in plasma for bone reabsorption, retention by kidneys(causing them to keep Calcium and excrete less to urine), and causing kidneys to make Vitamin D |
|
|
Term
| How is Vitamin D synthesized? |
|
Definition
| By UV radiation of a precursor molecule in the skin. |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D is converted to its active for where? |
|
Definition
| Kidneys and Liver(kidney conversion due to PTH) |
|
|
Term
| Active Vitamin D stimulates what? |
|
Definition
| Intestinal absorption of Calcium |
|
|
Term
| What kind of Vitamin D can be ingested? |
|
Definition
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