Term
| causes of chronic sinusitis (rhinosinusitis) |
|
Definition
allergies
structural anomaly
irritants |
|
|
Term
| How are drugs delivered for allergic rhinitis? |
|
Definition
| locally as nasal spray or drops |
|
|
Term
| drugs for allergic rhinitis |
|
Definition
antihistamines
antimuscarinics
cromolyn compounds
topical corticosteroids
nasal decongestants (alpha-adrenergic agonists) |
|
|
Term
| What drugs are good for rhinorrhea due to their drying effect? |
|
Definition
antimuscarinics
(and 1st generation antihistamines) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| actions of azelastine nasal spray |
|
Definition
reduces itching and sneezing
has some actions on rhinorrhea and nasal congestion |
|
|
Term
| azelastine nasal spray side effects |
|
Definition
bitter taste
burning sensation
headache |
|
|
Term
| azelastine nasal spray drug interactions |
|
Definition
| synergistic action with nasal corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alpha-adrenergic agonists |
|
|
Term
| alpha-adrenergic agonist mechanism of action |
|
Definition
vasoconstriction
reduces edema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nasal decongestant
alpha-adrenergic agonist |
|
|
Term
| Alpha-adrenergic agonists are only effective for what? |
|
Definition
nasal decongestion
(not sneezing, itching, rhinorrhea) |
|
|
Term
| Why should nasal decongestants not be used more than 3 days? |
|
Definition
| to avoid rebound congestion and rhinitis medicamentosa |
|
|
Term
| Can oral decongestants be used prolonged without significant rebound congestion? |
|
Definition
| yes, but must be careful with hypertension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antimuscarinic
only works on rhinorrhea
(also used in COPD) |
|
|
Term
| intranasal cromolyn sodium (Nedocromil) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| beclomethasone dipropionate |
|
Definition
| intranasal corticosteroid used for rhinitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intranasal corticosteroid used for rhinitis |
|
|
Term
| ipratropium bromide therapeutic uses |
|
Definition
rhinitis
chronic postnasal drip syndrome
bronchodilation (esp. COPD) |
|
|
Term
| Ipratropium bromide is an _________ analog. |
|
Definition
| atropine (antimuscarinic) |
|
|
Term
| cromolyn compound mechanism of action |
|
Definition
indirectly inhibits antigen-induced rhinitis
directly inhibit the release of histamine and other autocoids from sensitized mast cells
may suppress the activating effects of chemoattractant peptides on eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are the most effective drugs available for relief of symptoms of allergic rhinitis? |
|
Definition
| intranasal corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
| actions of intranasal corticosteroids |
|
Definition
| reduce sneezing, itching, discharge, and congestion |
|
|
Term
| Why do you not use intranasal corticosteroids for acute symptoms? |
|
Definition
| can take over a week to have effect |
|
|
Term
| What else, besides allergic rhinitis, can intranasal corticosteroids be useful for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intranasal corticosteroids can/cannot be used as first-line drug. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| side effects of intranasal corticosteroids |
|
Definition
usually mild
dryness, irritation, burning of nasal mucosa
sore throat
nose bleed (epistaxis)
headache
URI |
|
|
Term
| most common form of ocular allergy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| treatment of allergic conjunctivitis |
|
Definition
oral or topical antihistamine
antihistamine/decongestant combo |
|
|
Term
| advantages of topical antihistamines for allergic conjunctivitis |
|
Definition
may be more rapid acting than oral
also anti-inflammatory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Visine A
antihistamine/decongestant combo eye drops |
|
|
Term
| pheniramine/naphazoline are __________ acting and can cause _____________ with continued use |
|
Definition
| short; rebound vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| azelastine ocular (Optivar) |
|
Definition
| topical ocular H1 antihistamine |
|
|
Term
| side effects of azelastine ocular (Optivar) |
|
Definition
eye burning
conjucntivitis
rarely dyspnea and asthma |
|
|
Term
| intense increased IOP due to an anterior chanmber occlusion with dilation of pupil |
|
Definition
| acute, angle closure glaucoma |
|
|
Term
| increased IOP without occlusion of anterior chamber; asymptomatic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| goal of treatment for open angle glaucoma |
|
Definition
decrease secretion of aqueous humor
increase outflow from the globe |
|
|
Term
| What drugs can be used to increase the outflow of aqueous humor? |
|
Definition
alpha agonists
muscarinic agonists
cholinesterase inhibitors
PGF2alpha analogs |
|
|
Term
| What drugs can be used to decrease production of aqueous humor? |
|
Definition
beta blockers
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
alpha agonists??? |
|
|
Term
| What does stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors do in the eye? |
|
Definition
| stimulates secretion of aqueous humor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beta-1 selective blocker used for glaucoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-selective beta-1/2 blocker used for glaucoma |
|
|
Term
| side effects of beta blockers used for treatment of glaucoma |
|
Definition
typically local
discomfort, blurred vision, conjunctivitis, periorbital edema
if sufficient systemic absorption occurs, non-selective agents can exacerbate asthma and either class can slow the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
non-selective alpha-1/2 agonist used for glaucoma
increases aqueous humor outflow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
analog of PG
increases outflow of aqueous humor |
|
|
Term
| What class of drugs does bimatoprost belong to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| side effects of bimatoprost |
|
Definition
increase in brown pigment in eyes, eyelashes, eyelids
eye irritation and discharge, sensitivity to light, changes in vision
rare allergic response: hives and anaphylaxis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| acetazolamide specific ocular use |
|
Definition
| acute angle closure glaucoma prior to surgery (reduces IOP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immunomodulator/anti-inflammatory drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases tear production in ocular inflammation |
|
|
Term
| side effects of cyclosporine (Restasis) |
|
Definition
| eye stinging, burning, discharge, pain, and itching |
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