Term
| where is aq humor secreted from what are the two pathways of flow named |
|
Definition
ciliary processes
conventional and uveoscleral |
|
|
Term
| what is the conventional pathway of aq humor flow |
|
Definition
posterior chamber
pupil
anterior chamber
canal of schlemm |
|
|
Term
| what drugs target the conventional pathway of aq humor flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the uveoscleral pathway of aq humor flow |
|
Definition
ciliary muscle
supraoroidal space |
|
|
Term
| what drugs target the uveoscleral pathway of aq humor flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 conditions associated with glaucoma |
|
Definition
optic nerve cupping
visual field loss
blindness |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 factors that increase risk of nerve damage in glaucoma |
|
Definition
increased IOP
family history
african american
myopic
hypertension |
|
|
Term
| what is the first, second, third, and fourth choice drug categories for glaucoma |
|
Definition
1. PGF2a analog
2. B blockers
3. a and B agonist
4. CAI or muscarinic agonist |
|
|
Term
| what glaucoma drugs are B blockers (5) |
|
Definition
betaxolol
carteolol
levobunolol
metipranolol
timolol |
|
|
Term
| what glaucoma drugs are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (3) |
|
Definition
acetazolamide
brinzolamide
dorzolamide |
|
|
Term
| what glaucoma drug is a muscarinic agonist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what glaucoma drug is a a and B agonist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what glaucoma drug is a PGF2a Analog (3) |
|
Definition
latanoprost
travoprost
bimatroprost |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
non-selective
B1 blocker blocks ciliary body epithelium
B2 blocker decreases aq humor production |
|
|
Term
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor MOA |
|
Definition
stop carbonic anhydrase (isoenzyme II) in ciliary body epithelium
reduces formation of bicarbonate and thus aq humor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contract ciliary muscle increasing aq humor outflow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prodrug of epinepherine
stimulates a and B receptrs
increases uveoscleral outflow via prostaglandin pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aq outflow through uvoscleral
binds Gq receptor on ciliary muscle |
|
|
Term
| glaucoma B blocker side effects |
|
Definition
| asthma attack- rare, need high systemic levels |
|
|
Term
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor side effects |
|
Definition
| when oral- metabolic acidosis within 3 days leading to renal Ca stones |
|
|
Term
| how often are glaucoma B blockers used |
|
Definition
| twice a day initially, then once a day |
|
|
Term
| how often are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors used |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how often are a and b agonists used |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how often are PGF2a analogs used |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what activies do muscarinic receptors (muscarinic agonists) have in the eye (3) |
|
Definition
M3 causes mitosis by contracting iris sphincter
M3 causes accomodation by contracting ciliary muscle (near vision)
M2 + M3 cause secretion by lacrimal gland |
|
|
Term
| what affects for adrenergic receptors (a1 agonists) have in the eye (2) |
|
Definition
a1 causes mydriasis due to contraction of the radial muscle
a1 causes secretion form the lacrimal gland |
|
|
Term
| what would a muscarinic antagonist do to the eye (3) |
|
Definition
stop M3 causing midriasis due to iris sphincter relaxation
stop M2 on cilliary muscle accomodating for far vision ot cycloplegia
stop M2 + M3 stopping secretion from the lacrimal gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| paralysis of accomodation |
|
|
Term
| what are the two categories of drugs that cause eye dilation |
|
Definition
muscarinic antagonists
a1 agonists |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 muscarinic antagonists |
|
Definition
atropine
scopolamine
homatropine
cycloentaolate
tropicamide |
|
|
Term
| what drug is a a1 agonist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 "other eye drugs" |
|
Definition
botulinum toxin A
cocaine
apracoline
hydroxyampetamine |
|
|
Term
| MOA muscarinic antagonist |
|
Definition
| block M3 causing mydriasis and cycloplegia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulate receptors in radial muscle causing mydriasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduce occular misalignment and double vision by blocking ACh release leading to paralysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
weak a1 agonist causing pupil dulation in horner's syndrome
strong a2 agonist causing pupil constriction in normal eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
release of stored NE from postganglionic adrenergic nerve endings
normal pupil and first or second order horner's pupil will dilate
third order horner's pupil will not dilate as well as the normal pupil |
|
|
Term
| muscarinic antagonist side effects |
|
Definition
| decrease aq humor outflow increasing IOP (avoid in angle closure glaucoma) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease aq humor outflow increasing IOP (avoid in angle closure glaucoma) |
|
|
Term
| botulinum toxin A side effects (2) |
|
Definition
ptosis: lid droop
blurred vision |
|
|
Term
| how long does it take for muscarinic antagonists to work |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long does it take for a1 agonists to work, how long do they last |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long does it take for hydroxyampetamine to work |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is botulinum toxin A used or |
|
Definition
| strabismus and blepharospasum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| confirm diagnosis or horner syndrome |
|
|
Term
| what is aparcoline used for |
|
Definition
| alternative to cocaine for diagnosis of horner syndrome |
|
|
Term
| what is hydroxyampetamine used for |
|
Definition
| localize horner's lesions |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 signs of horner's syndrome |
|
Definition
drooping of eyelid - ptosis
constricted pupil (mitosis)
decreased sweating (anhydrosis) conjunctiva redness |
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of horner's syndrome |
|
Definition
| sympathetic lesion in hypothalamus |
|
|
