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| the study of the acoustic properties of speech sounds |
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| series of dark, horizontal bands in a spectrogram, measured in frequency levels |
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| large rises or drops in formant frequency; usually occur at the beginning or end of a syllable and generally represented by the consonant part of a syllable |
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| the space in between formants; generally a vowel |
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| movements of the eyes made while reading |
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| backward movements of the eyes made while reading |
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| the time spent at a given location between eye movements |
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| the size of the area from which a reader picks up visual information |
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We process words more efficiently in words than nonword letter strings. o Letters are better recognized in wordso We perceive letters as complete units in familiar words and as sets of letters in less familiar words. Familiar words are easier to process. |
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| the method of mapping the sounds of a language using written symbols |
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| mapping a written language as units of words or morphemes using pictorial symbols (ex. Chinese) |
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| mapping a written language as syllabic units (ex. Japanese kanji) |
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| printed letter in an alphabet |
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envisions word recognition as a process of gradually building activation (or evidence) for a number of candidate words over time. As activation accumulates, these words compete and the winner is the ultimate word that was recognized.
Ex. while hearing "beetle", this model will initially build activation for both "beatle" and "beaker.” However, over time, "beatle" inhibits "beaker" until it alone is active. |
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| Mispronunciation detection |
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Listeners can detect what a person is trying to say if minor errors in pronunciation are detected when sentences are in context. Ex. It has been zuggested that students be required to preregister. |
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| Listeners can replace incorrect speech sounds or missing speech sounds when given in context. |
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| Listeners are able to take the speech rate into consideration when identifying individual speech segments. |
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| Listeners are able to take the individual speaker’s vocal tract size and resulting pitch to make perceptual adjustments in their speech recognition. |
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| made by completely obstructing the airflow for a brief period and then allowing passage, ex. [b, p, d, t, g, & k] |
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| consonants made by restricting but not completely stopping the airflow, ex. [f] pr [s] |
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produced by a stop like closure followed by a slow release of air: [č] in church or “j” in judge |
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| the way that syllables are produced; target practice for the vocal tract. |
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| Place of articulation - [b] & [p] – articulated at the lips |
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| Place of articulation - [d] & [t] – articulated by placing the tongue against the alveolar ridge (at the roof of the mouth) |
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| Place of articulation - [g] & [k] – articulated by placing the tongue against the velum at the back of the mouth |
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the result of speech perception is the identification of a stimulus as belonging to a category Vowel vs. consonant perception |
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