Term
| Give examples of what live in soil and what they do. |
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Definition
| bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and other microorganisms live in the soil and fix atmospheric nitrogen or aerate soil |
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Term
| What does water plus carbon dioxide produce and what is the average pH of rain water (water found naturally)? |
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Definition
| it makes H2CO3 and average pH is 5.6 |
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Term
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Definition
| Partially decomposed organic matter |
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Term
|
Definition
| Process of converting organic material to inorganic material |
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Term
| Name each soil horizon and gives its meaning |
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Definition
| O Horizon=surface layer; A Horizon=topsoil; B Horizon=mineral soil; C Horizon=weathered material; Regolith= parent rock |
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Term
| Give the soil development process and soil name for the following habitats: grasslands, temperate forests, humid tropics, and arid regions |
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Definition
| 1. calcification/mollisol. 2. podyolization/spodosol. 3. laterization/oxisol. 4. caliche/aridosol |
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Term
| Soils can have a depth from the surface to the bedrock of ___ to ___ meters |
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Definition
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Term
| Soil development is a process that can take from ____ to ____ years |
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Definition
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Term
| Another name for slash-and-burn agriculture |
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Definition
| swidden agriculture - used in tropical rain forests |
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Term
| Ethiopia serves as an example of the effect of deforestation. In the 1900s ____ % of the forest was forested. Today ____% is forested. What is the result of loss of forestion? |
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Definition
| 40%; 4%; When forests were destryoed, there was a 75% water run off |
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Term
| Give an example of a country that has done reforestation |
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Definition
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Term
| Deforestation accounts for _____% of the buildup of CO2 since 1800. We are losing ___ acre(s) of rainforest every second; about ____ million hectares are deforested worldwide each year. |
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Definition
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Term
Regarding Limnology (or the study of ________), Lentic means? |
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Definition
| study of lakes; lentic means calm, still water. Succession normally from lakes to ponds to marshes, to swamps, or bogs. |
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Term
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Definition
| moving water, creaks, streams, rivers |
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Term
| What is a small, quiet body of water w/ extensive areas of macrophytes |
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Definition
| A pond (has extensive littoral zone) |
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Term
| What is a larger body of water w/ macrophytes restricted to the shore areas? |
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Definition
| Lakes. (wind pays a more important role) |
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Term
| What is the processes and examples for the following types: 1. tectonic, 2. volcanic, 3. glacial, 4. solution (CaCO3), 5. oxbow, 6. reservoirs. |
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Definition
1. earthquake, grabens (ex. Lake Tahoe, Baikal and Tanganyika)
2. caldera (ex. crater lake)
3. cirques, kettle hole, scouring (ex. Big twin lake, Great lakes)
4. sinkholes (ex. Florida)
5. oxbow lakes (ex. Oxley nature center)
6. dams (ex. Tenkiller lake, Grand lake) |
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Term
| What is the worlds deepest lake? |
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Definition
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Term
| If there are two lakes, one that is 20 degrees C near the surface and 10 degrees C at the bottom and the another one that is 30 degrees C near the surface and 20 degrees C near the bottom, which one will mix sooner? |
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Definition
| Not sure, ask Dr. Korstad. |
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Term
| In Spring and fall what time of stratification will one find? |
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Definition
| isothermal mixing. As depth increases, temp remains same |
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Term
| In summer stratification there are three zones, what are they? |
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Definition
| epilimnion, metalimnion, hypolimnion. Epilimnion is the upper layer. Metalimnion changes 1 degree C each meter of depth. |
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Term
| Define dimictic mixing pattern |
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Definition
| mixes 2 times a year (fall and spring) |
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Term
| Monomictic mixing pattern |
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Definition
| mixes 1 time a year (fall to spring) |
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Term
| polymictic mixing pattern |
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Definition
| high temps, thermal stratification, mixed by wind (ex. in tropics) |
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Term
|
Definition
| lakes that don't mix (ex. arctic) |
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|
Term
| holomictic mixing pattern |
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Definition
| lake which mixes completely (from top to bottom) |
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Term
| mesomictic mixing pattern |
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Definition
| lake water only partially mixes |
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Term
CO2 _____ as depth increases and dissolved oxygen ______ as depth increases. The point where these two are the same is called the ________ ________. |
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Definition
| Increases; decreases. Compensation depth (CD) |
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Term
| _________ is ______ times more soluble in water than oxygen. |
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Definition
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|
Term
What causes a winter fish kill? |
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Definition
| When sun is low and ice and snow forms on top of water, there is O2 depletion. No sun therefore no photosynthesis, therefore no O2 |
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Term
| Light penetration into water is influenced by: |
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Definition
| turbidity of the water and absorbance of light rays |
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Term
| Measuring instruments and what they do |
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Definition
Secchi disk- gives relative transparency
Underwater photometer- measures light absorption in water. CD is 1% light level |
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Term
| In what kind of lake, eutrophic or oligotrophic, would there be more predominant at a low depth with little light, more light at a lower depth, less light at a higher depth, and more light at a higher depth? |
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Definition
| oligotrophic, oligotrophic, eutrophic, eutrophic |
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Term
| Regarding energy production, which zone is near the surface or top portion of a lake? |
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Definition
| The trophogenic (photic) zone |
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Term
| What energy zone is the breakdown zone, located near the bottom of a lake? |
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Definition
| Tropholytic (aphotic) zone |
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Term
______ ________ separates the trophogenic zone from the tropholytic zone. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Definition of compensation depth |
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Definition
| Depth at which photosynthesis = respiration and decomposition and where light is only 1% |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| surface area of lake or pond exposed to wind. In a feth, the side from whence the wind is originating is drier. |
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Term
| When can you have low alkalinity w/ high hardness? |
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Definition
| If calcium sulfate is present |
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Term
| What does one look for when testing hardness? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does one look for when testing alkalinity? |
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Definition
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Term
Regarding biological stratification, what is the name for the upper region of the lake that is open water |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the region as high as the limnetic zone, but only along the shore and containing macrophytes? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| At the mercy of the current. ex. micro-crustaceans and rotifers |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ascend streams to reproduce (ex. salmon) |
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Term
|
Definition
| descend streams to reproduce (ex. eels) |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the deep water biological stratification zone? |
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Definition
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Term
What zone contains periphyton, aufwuchs, and neuston? Where is located? |
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Definition
| Benthic zone. Located along the bottom of a lake. |
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Term
|
Definition
| attached algae like diatoms |
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Term
|
Definition
| Attached community other than algae |
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Term
|
Definition
| Floating organisms like water striders |
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Term
|
Definition
| natural aging process of lakes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Accelerated eutrophication due to human influence |
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Term
| Eutrophic lake definiton with example |
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Definition
highly productive
ex. lake mendota (WI), Lake George (Uganda) |
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Term
Mesotrophic lake definition with example |
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Definition
Moderatley productive
Ex. Lake evelyn |
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Term
| Oligotrophic lake definiton with example |
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Definition
Unproductive due to low nutrients
Ex. Lake Tahoe, Crater Lake |
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Term
| Hypertrophic lake definition with example |
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Definition
Overly productive
ex. some farm ponds
ex. lake Erie (in the past) |
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Term
| Dystrophic lake definition with example |
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Definition
Unproductive due to acidic conditions.
ex. bog lakes (sphagnum releases hydrogen ions) |
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Term
| Marl lakes definition with example |
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Definition
Hardwater lakes
ex. Some lakes in N. MI |
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Term
| Meromictic lake definition with example |
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Definition
permanently stratified lakes with saltwater intrusion (salt on bottom)
ex. Lake Nyos |
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Term
| What are three layers of stratification in a meromictic lake? |
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Definition
| Mixolimnion, chemocline, monimolimnion |
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Term
| Give five aspects of lotic ecosystems |
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Definition
| continuously flowing water, heterotrophic systems, upland headwater streams, lowland streams, riparian habitats |
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Term
True or False? Water is at or near ground level most of the year for fresh water and marine |
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Definition
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|
Term
| True or false? hydric vegetaion is vegetation adapted to wet conditions? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Differientiate between a marsh, a swamp, and a bog? |
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Definition
| Marshes have lots of grass, swamps have trees, and bogs have sphagnum (peatmoss) |
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Term
| Oceans cover _______% of the earth's surface. Salinity averages ______ppt. Maximum depth of saltwater ecosystems is ___ - ____ km. |
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Definition
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|
Term
How many underwater trenches exist on earth and where are the majority located? |
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Definition
| 31, mostly in the Pacific |
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Term
|
Definition
| movement of earth's crustal plates. When plates move together, a subduction zone is formed (trenches). When plates move apart, a mountain ridge forms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Layer of water that exhibits a rapid change in density |
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Term
| diatoms of good indicators of a __________ lake |
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Definition
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|
Term
| blue-green algae is a good indicator for ___________ lakes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the name of where fresh water meets salt water? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Species in a 1-5% salt gradient are __________ |
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Definition
| Euryhaline. (eury= white, haline=salt) |
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Term
| What is an aspect of nurseries for marine organisms? Give examples of organisms who have nurseries |
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Definition
reduced predation and competition
ex. flounders, oysters |
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Term
| Give an example of an organism that is detrimental in highly productive bodies of water |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Adaptation in tital marshes for plants |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| example of a tidal marsh adaptation in animals |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Mangrove swamps are located where? |
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Definition
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Term
| List adaptations of mangroves and examples for each |
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Definition
1. prop roots ex. red mangroves
2. aerial roots ex. black
3. salt-secreting glands ex. white mangroves
4. succulent leaves ex. all have it |
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Term
| List adaptations for organisms attach themselves to rocky shores and give examples of these organisms |
|
Definition
1. byssal threads ex. mussels
2. muscular feet ex. chitons
3. cement glands ex. barnacles
4. tube feet ex. starfish and sea urchins |
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|
Term
| adaptations of organisms to prevent dessication on rocky shores |
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Definition
| musuclar feet (chitons, aboline, and other molluscs) |
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Term
| Give an example of a keystone predator and what they specifically eat. |
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Definition
| Pisaster. They eat snails |
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Term
| Define Supralittoral, Liittoral, and Infralittoral zones |
|
Definition
Supralittoral- (spray zone). It contains some algae
Littoral - (alternatively covered and uncovered by tides). Muscles and barnacles
Infralittoral- (always covered with H20 except under during low spring tides). Kelp, starfish |
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Term
| Where do coral reefs form? |
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Definition
| In tropical regions (20 degrees N and S latitudes) and adequate sunlight |
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Term
List the types of reefs and describe each and give an example |
|
Definition
Fringing- near shore. ex. Florida, Caribbean
Barrier- Offshore w a lagoon between mainland and reef. ex. belize
Atoll- reef around sunken volcanic island. ex. Midway |
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|
Term
List and explain two theories of the formation of coral reefs |
|
Definition
Darwin: sinking volcanic island
Alternative: Rising sea level (a.k.a. thermal expansion of water) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Corals and their zooxanthellae (mutualistic relationship) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| all other animals that inhabit the reef. ex. fish, crabs, shrimp, sponges, brittle starts, etc. |
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|
Term
Explain the competition and the predation of a reef |
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Definition
competition is intense and predation is a strong influence |
|
|
Term
| give examples of mutualism in reefs |
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Definition
| corals and their zooxanthellae, shrimpo and fish, clownfish and sea anemones |
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Term
| What are the 3 benefits coral give to zooxanthellae? |
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Definition
CO2, nutrients, and a home |
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|
Term
| Zooxanthellae give to coral... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name for the four zones of a reef |
|
Definition
back reef- closest to shore;
reef flat;
buttress zone- also known as palmata zone;
fore reef zone- pile of rubble at bottom of slope |
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|
Term
| Sunlight heat energy does what? |
|
Definition
| It warms the air and the earth and creates water currents...it drives water cycle |
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|
Term
| Name the first two laws of thermodynamics |
|
Definition
1st law- energy cannot be created or destroyed
2nd law- there's never a 100% transfer of energy |
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|
Term
What are ruminants and give examples of these. |
|
Definition
| Ruminants are animals that chew their cud. They have a four compartment stomach containing bateria that can digest cellulose. Ex. cows, sheep, goats, camels, deer, and antelope |
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Term
| What is the principle of food size |
|
Definition
| Animals tend to eat prey that they can consume whole in their mouths |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| functional classification of organisms in ecosystems according to feeding relationships |
|
|
Term
| name the four compartments of a cow stomach and tell which one is most like our stomach |
|
Definition
rumen
reticulum
omasum
abomasum- true glandular stomach, most like ours |
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|
Term
Give an example of pyramid of numbers. |
|
Definition
| 1000 blades of grass--> 100 grasshoppers--> 10 birds--> 1 Hawk |
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|
Term
| Biomass at an area at the time is..... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give a complete example of a biomass |
|
Definition
trees, insects, birds, owl (descending) as in a forest
or
phytoplankton, zooplankton, etc. (small, then larger, then descending) as in a lake or ocean |
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|
Term
| When can a biomass be inverted |
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Definition
| It is inverted with decomposers. ex. nutrient regeneration by zooplankton stimulates algal productivity |
|
|
Term
| what is the productivity of a trophic level? |
|
Definition
| Total rate of energy flow into that trophic level |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels = about 10% |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| largest consumer on earth, bioaccumulation |
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|
Term
| True or false? Food chains rarely exceed four links. |
|
Definition
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