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| What is the approximate world population today? |
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| What country presently has the most people? |
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| What country will likely surpass that country within 50 years? |
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| Approximately how many acres of tropical rainforests are lost per day? |
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| Okologie is Greek and means...? |
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Definition
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| Five definitions of ecology are: |
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Definition
| 1. structure and function, 2. interrelationship b/w plants, animals, & environment, 3. economy of nature, 4. natural history, 5. environmental science |
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| List 3 of the 11 multi-disciplinaries of ecology: |
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Definition
| Population, math, terrestrial, physiological, community, plants, evolutionary, marine, behavioral, limnology, animals |
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| Population biology: animals reproduced faster than food supply |
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| voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle |
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| Wrote "The Lake as a Microcosm" |
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| Father of limnology. Went to Yale |
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| Wrote "Silent Spring" which was against DDT |
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| Name of the two groups for the "pessimists" and the "optimists" respectively are...? |
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| malthusians; cornucopians |
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| Self-ecology. Called this in Europe. It is called "Population ecology" here |
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| "Group ecology", community or ecosystem ecology |
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| List levels of ecology from smallest to largest and give examples of each... |
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| 1.Individual (maple tree); 2.Population- groups of individuals of 1 species in 1 area (groups of maple trees in forest); 3.Community- groups of popul. in 1 area (all trees in forest); 4.ecosystem- biotic comm. & abiotic environ. (whole forest); 5. Biosphere (lithosphere and hydrosphere) |
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| Theoretical vs. applied ecology |
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| Theoretical or "armchair" ecology has more of a mathmatical and backed-off approach, where as the applied or "practical" ecology is more lab & field research oriented |
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| At what value (percent) is the level of significance? |
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| Inductive is ________ to ________ |
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| deductive is __________ to ________ |
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| an abstraction and simplification of natural phenomenon used to predict something new or help understand the present situation |
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| A collection of a interdependent parts enclosed in a defined boundary |
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| Definition of a cybernetic system |
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Definition
| a system including positive and negative feedback |
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| Inputs of a system are:_______. Inluded in feedback are:________. Included in outputs are: ________. |
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Definition
| light, water, gases, nutrients; primary producers, herbivores, carnivores, nutrients, consumers, decomposers; heat, water, gases, nutrients |
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| List and explain the three basic components of ecosystems. |
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Definition
| producers- autotrophs (primary producers), photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs; heterotrophs- consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omniovores), decomposers turn organic to inorganic material; abiotic matter- detritus (dead and particulate organic matter) |
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| Give examples of photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and decomposers respectively |
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Definition
| plants, deap sea bacteria, bacteria and fungi |
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| Definition of resilience with an example found in nature |
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Definition
| Ability of ecosystem to absorb changes & still persist & time it takes to return to its original condition; example=lake |
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| Definition of Resistance with example found in nature |
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| Ability to resist changes from disturbances; example=forest |
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| What percent of radiant energy is equal to photons used for photosynthesis? |
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| What is the range of wavelength for the visible light spectrum |
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Term
| What are the enzymes for C3, C4, and CAM plants respectively? |
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Definition
| RuP2, PEP Carboxylase, PEP carboxylase |
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| What are the leaf anatomies of C3, C4, and CAM respectively? |
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Definition
| chloroplasts in only mesophyll layer; chloroplasts compact around vacular bundle (kranz anatomy); kranz anaztomy |
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Term
| what are the advantages of C3, C4, and CAM plants repectively? |
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Definition
| cool environments (high transpiration rate); hot, moist environments (low transpiration rate); hot, dry environments (very low transpiration rate) |
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| Give three examples for each: C3, C4, and CAM plants respectively |
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Definition
| legumes, wheat, oats, rice, and bluegrass; sugarcane, corn, crabgrass, bermuda grass; pineapple, cactus, agave |
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| Explain why green algae is near the ocean surface and Red Algae is found deeper. |
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Definition
| It has to do with the energy and wavelength of each color of light. Red is the longest wavelength of ROYGBIV and is the smallest in energy. When a color is green, for example, it is absorbing every color of the vis. spectrum save the color it reflects (green) |
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| Why are flamingos pink in the wild? |
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Definition
| Because they eat shrimp that eat blue-green algae and when they digest the shrimp, it's absorbed as a pink pigment |
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| Definition of mineralization |
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Definition
| conversion of organic to inorganic compounds |
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| What is a unique pigment for chlorophyta, phaeophyta, and rhodophyta respectively? |
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Definition
| chlorophyll B, xanthophylls, and phycobilins |
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| What is the major difference between C4 and CAM plants |
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Definition
| CAM have open stomata at night |
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Term
| Give the definition of climate, solar radiation, albedo, and coriolis force. |
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Definition
| Climate- prevailing weather conditions of a region. Solar radiation- source of light and thermal energy, Albedo- reflection of solar radiation, Coriolis Force- deflection of a moving object from a straight path |
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| What direction is the wind current and water direction when flushing for the N. Hemisphere. |
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| What is another word for dry when referring to a dry climate? What is it called on opposite side of a mountain of a side that just received precipitation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes rain shadows? |
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Definition
| As wind is blown into a large mountain, warm air rises to cooler temperatures because it is unable to expand and reaches saturation, as moisture is lost in the air and air is allowed to lower after passing the mountain, moisture has more room to expand and can remain in air. |
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| What is the distribution of water on earth? |
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Definition
Oceans= 71% of surface of earth
97% of water on earth is salt.
3% is freshwater. Glaciers are 75% of freshwater, underground is 25% of freshwater, and lakes are 0.3% of freshwater. |
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| Definition of relative humidity |
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Definition
| Percent moisture in air relative to the maximum amount of moister the air can hold at that temperature |
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Definition
| temperature at which water vapor condenses as water droplets |
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| What is the name of an instrument that measures humidity? |
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| List 3 of the 6 adaptations plants have to retain moisture. |
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Definition
| 1.surviving dry periods as seeds, 2.succulence (storing water), 3.reduced leaf size (pine tree needles & sunken stomata), 4.open stomata only at night (CAM plants), 5.extensive root systems (phreatophytes), 6.salt-secreting glands (halophytes-mangroves) |
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| Describe the relationshp of solute concentrations of freshwater and marine animals. |
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Definition
| Freshwater fish are hypertonic to (lake)water and eliminate water to remain that way. Marine fish are hypotonic to the ocean and must fight to keep water to remain that way. |
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Definition
| drinking water, water in food, metabolic water |
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Term
| What do camels store in their hump? |
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Definition
| Fat, which when broken down, releases water |
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Definition
| Another word for ectotherms or animals that are cold-blooded and vary in temperature according to environment: most reptiles, fish, amphibians, invertebrates, and plants. |
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Definition
| an animal's metabolic rate doubles for every 10 degrees C of temperature |
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Term
| Approximately what percent of oxidative energy is used to maintain body temp? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some of the adaptations animals have to lower temperature? |
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Definition
| sweat, gular fluttering, shed coat, flap ears, swim, mud, shade, change color, hibernate, drink water |
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Term
| What are some adaptations animals have to raise temperature? |
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Definition
| Heliothermism, raise fur or feathers, shivering, and movement |
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Definition
| They sometimes regulate/sometimes don't regulate their body temperature |
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Term
| What are the signs of hibernation and what animals experience it? |
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Definition
| body temp <10C, no coordinated locomotory movement, reduced heart rate, slowed metabolic rate (1/20-1/100th of original) etc. Examples= woodchuck, chipmunk, 13-lined ground squirrel, jumping mice, bats, and hummingbirds. |
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| What does estivation mean? |
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Definition
| Summer dormancy. Seen in some desert animals. "Shallow"torpor |
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| Name some countercurrents that are adaptations in animals and give examples of these animals. |
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Definition
| Temperature (aids heat loss or gain), water (reduced water loss), blood (increased oxygen absorbtion). Examples= SOME marine mammals, marine reptiles and birds, fish, and desert animals |
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Term
| Give an example and some characteristics of a shade-tolerant (sun-intolerant) plant. |
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Definition
| Example=Ferns. Characteristics=low photosynthetic rates, low metabolic rates, low growth rates, resist fungal infections |
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Term
| Give an example and some characteristics of a sun-tolerant (shade-intolerant) plant. |
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Definition
| Example=plant in canopy. Characteristics=high photosynthetic rate, high metabolic rate, high growth rates, don't resist fungal infection |
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Term
| What blocks most of earth's UV wavelengths from reaching the earth's surface? |
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Definition
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Definition
| Responses of plants and animals to changes in the relative duration of light and dark |
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Definition
| Internal biological clock that creates endogenous rhthym of physiological or behavioral activity of about 24 hr. |
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Term
| Zeitgeber is called the ____ ______. |
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Definition
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| How is the pineal gland significant in birds? |
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Definition
| It is the control center for photoperiodism in birds. |
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| How do plants and animals show seasonality respectively? |
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Definition
| Plants- flowering and fruiting. Animals- disperse, migrate, reproduce |
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| What are signs of seasonality in tropical regions and temperature regions respectively? |
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Definition
| tropical= rainfall. temperate= sunlight and temperature |
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Definition
| Growth of a plant depends on the amount of nutrients present in limiting quantity |
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| Shelford's law of tolerance |
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Definition
| organisms have an ecological minumum and maximum |
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Term
| What is the difference between ecotype and endemic species? |
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Definition
| Ecotype is species adapted to one locality. Endemic species is limited to one location. |
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| List characteristics of serpentine soils |
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Definition
| Ultrabasic, high in Fe and Mg. Supports unique vegetation. Low in Ca, K, Na, and Al. |
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Term
| P and Mg are macronutrients needed in large amounts. What are they each used in biologically? |
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Definition
| P- ATP, DNA, RNA. Mg- Chlorophyll molecule |
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Term
| Co and F are micronutrients needed in small amounts, what are their biological uses? |
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Definition
| Co is a cofactor for B12 and F prvents tooth decay |
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Term
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Definition
| "lime loving", pH>5. Cannot tolerate Al. Ex. Columbine |
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Definition
| "lime-hating". pH<5. Can tolerate Al. Ex. Rhododendron |
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Definition
| "salt-loving", salt-tolerante. ex. mangroves |
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| List all Macronutrients and what is their acronym? |
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Definition
| "C. HOPK(i)NS Car is an Mg" Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phophorus, potassium, nitrogen, sulfur, calcium, magnesium |
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| What is the acronym for micronutrients. List them all |
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Definition
| "a Festive MoB CuM(n)Z n Clapping". Iron, Molybdenum, Boron, Copper, Manganese, zinc, chlorine |
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Term
The term "ecology" was introduced by ___________ in 1869 |
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