WHERE AN ORGANISM IS FOUND

Example: Relative Abundance Map-BBS

Shows changes in distribution

EX: Eastern meadowlark Sturnella magna

Breeding- Canada

Breeding and Wintering- US

Wintering - Mexico

CHEMICAL -AND- PHYSICAL:

NaCl, H2O, MgSO4,N,P,K -and- wind, temp, light, slope

STUDIES OF NATURAL HISTORY

• POPULATION EXPLOSIONS DESCRIBED IN EXODUS OF THE BIBLE 

2nd AND 3rd CENTURY:

•  ARISTOTLE TRIED TO EXPLAIN HIGH DENSITIES OF FIELD MICE AND LOCUSTS
  
• GREEK SCHOLAR THEOPHRASTUS WROTE OF NATURAL HISTORY

THE SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND ETHICAL MOVEMENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT

1. Descriptive (natural history)

2. Functional (relationships common to all areas)

3. Evolutionary

Oriented toward relationships common to all areas

EX: HOW species compete (predator-pray interactions)

1. Make and observation

2. Ask a question

3. Form a hypothesis

4. Conduct an experiment

5. Collect and analyze data

6. Accept hypothesis or reject hypothesis (move back to form hypothesis)

Experiment: applying a treatment

Observational study: no treatment applied

1. Huge number of offspring produced, but few survive to reproduce.

2. Individuals with characteristics that weaken their chance to survive will not produce as many young as those that have a stronger chance to survive.

3.Future populations will have larger numbers of individuals with more favorable characteristics

4.Given enough time, these slow shifts can produce major evolutionary changes

1. Fossil record

2. Similarities between living species

1. Individuals once born are not changes by selection

2. an individual cannot evolve

2. Natural selection acts on the individual, but evolution is measured in the population

1. Population

2. Genetic Variation

3. Selection pressure

4. Must be Heritable

5. Time (depends on generation time)

1. New Genes come from Mutations

2. Once in population, GENETIC RECOMBINATION is the major source

3. mutations of somatic cells unimportant

(a) and (A): Genes, gametes, or alleles

AA, aa, Aa: genotypes of population frequencies

1. large population

2. no mutations

3. no immigration

4. no emigration

5. no selective pressure

6. totally random reproduction

No, therefore, gene frequencies change through time and evolution takes place.

HARDY-WEINBERG EQUATIONS MAY STILL BE USED TO TRACK CHANGES IN GENE FREQUENCIES IN POPULATIONS

1. Directional (select against one exteme or another)

2. Stabilizing (Select against both extreme)

3. Disruptive (select against the mean)

1. Directional- Finch beak size, seeds larger b/c of drought

2. Stabilizing - babies shouldn't be too big or too small

3. Disruptive- Butterflies have to be wither white or orange, cant be a combination or will not resemble poison butterflies.

subset of species will become reproductively isolated; new species

1. Allopatric

2. Parapatric

3. Sympatric

1. Physical

2. behavioral

3. Temporal

4. Physiological

5. Anatomical

6. genomic barrier (changes in genes interferes with gene flow)

a group from a widespread population moves to an adjacent habitat.

could be behavioral, temporal, anatomical, but NOT physical barrier.

occurs within confines of original distribution;

ex: polyploidy, occur without physical barriers

Galapagos Finches

1. Geographic isolation

2. local adaption

3. reproductive isolation

Portions of a widespread species enter a new habitat adjacent to the original habitat; common in plants and low mobility animals.

EX: Sweet Vernal Grass

Ancestral species is diploid (2n) with haploid (1n) gametes.

Chromosomes fail to separate properly either during mitosis or meiosis. Diploid gametes are formed (2n)

When a newly-arisen tetraploid (4n) plant tries to breed with its ancestral species (a backcross), triploid offspring are formed. These are sterile because they cannot form gametes with a balanced assortment of chromosomes.

However, the tetraploid plants can breed with each other. So in one generation, a new species has been formed.

1. Intrinsic Value

2. Possibilities of transplanting (Salmon)

3. Necessity to control- AHB, RIFA

4. Conservation

Transplantation EXP:

1. Unsuccessful= distribution is limited by physical factors, chemical factors, or other species.

2. Successful= potential ranges is larger than actual range.

Liebig - 1840

“The growth and development of an organism depends on the presence of certain(required) components. Growth will increase or decrease in proportion to the amounts of these (required) components.”

The rarest requirement of an organism will be the limiting factor in its performance.

Shelford - 1913(worked with animals)

There is a max and min amount of material requires for proper growth and development of plants and animals

Organisms can be limited in their growth/occurrence not only by too little an element/ factor, but also by too much.

1. Zone of Intolerance= absent

2. Zone of stress = few

3. Zone of optimum growth = most

3. Zone of stress (physiological stress)

4. Zone of Intolerance

EX: Nitrogen gradient, Temp

1. Count cells

2. Increase in dry weight

3. increase in chlorophyll

4. Measure optical density (Spectrophotometer)

1. Lamp

2. Filter

3. Prism

4. Sample

5. PM-Tube

6. Galvanometer

K= (log N₁- log N₀)/ (.301(t₁-t₂))

#/min

D₂= 1/K

min

The movement of an organism into an area that it does not currently inhabit

EX: European Starling introduced 1890's & spread over US Canada in under 100yrs.

EX: Crested Myan introduced but did not spread

EX: Chestnut blight: a fungal disease

EX: European Rabbit 1859

a birth control method that uses the body's immune response to prevent pregnancy

1. identify proteins essential for reproduction

2. isolate DNA responsible for production of protein

3. insert DNA into carrier organism (Virus)

3. Animal's immune system produces antibodies to block reproduction

1. Diffusion - Gradual movement

2. Jump- movement across great distances very quickly

Barriers are very important

1. North America (8%) 4/50

2. Europe (15%) 13/85

3. Australia (30%) 15/50

1. Wind (dandelion, cottonwood, orchid, maple) 

2. Explosion (squirting cucumber, bluebonnet, witch hazel)

3. Water (mangrove, water lily)

4. Animal: Internal (pooters)/external (clingers)

5. Vegatative (choi cactus kudzu airplane plant)

one organism feeding on another (+,-)

1. Herbivore- plant EX: algae & sea urchin

2. Carnivore- herbivore EX: mussels & crab