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| Greek root meaning home/place to live. |
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| Coined the term Ecology - interaction between organisms/environment. |
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| Changed definition of Ecology to interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms. |
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| Modern Definition of Ecology |
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| Study of biotic + abiotic interactions that determine distribution and abundance of organisms. |
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| Early emphasis of ecology (tropical plant ecology, pest control). |
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| Theoretical emphasis, Robert MacArthur/E. O. Wilson. |
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| Late 20th Century Ecology |
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| Conservation emphasis, E. O. Wilson. |
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| Organismal level through biosphere level. |
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| Change in gene/allele frequencies. |
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| Genertic variability + differential survival. |
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| Differential promotion of one's genes into next generation. |
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| Temperature, precipitation, evaporation, physical features. |
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| Temperature range + presence/absence of frost. |
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| Annual amount + distribution. |
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| More intense at low latitudes. |
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| Mountains + proximity of large bodies of water. |
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| Mountains + proximity of large bodies of water. |
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| High/steady rainfall and temperature, greatest biodiversity, rapid deforestation. |
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| High rainfall (dry and wet season) and temperature, deciduous trees and shrubs, high biodiversity. |
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| Low rainfall (1 or 2 dry/wet seasons, high temperature, grassland w/ few trees, high biodiversity. |
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| Low rainfail, extreme temperature ranges, succulents/waxy plants, moderate biodiversity, expanding. |
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| Temperate Needle-Leaved Forest |
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| Moderate, steady rainfall, hot summers/cool winters, moderate biodiversity, pines/palmetto. |
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| Temperate Deciduous Forest |
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| Moderate steady rainfall, hot summer/cold winter, broad-leaved trees, moderate biodiversity. |
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| Moderate/seasonal rainfall, hot summers/cold winters, grasses, low biodiversity. |
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| Temperate Woodland/Shrubland |
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| Moderate rainfall/dry summer, relatively constant warm temperature, shrubs/short trees, high biodiversity. |
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| High/seasonal rainfall, cool/steady temperatures, needle-leaved evergreens, moderate biodiversity. |
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| Low rainfall (snow), extreme temperature range (frost), needle-leaved evergreens, low biodiversity. |
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| Low rainfall (snow), extreme temperature range (frost), stunted trees, low biodiversity. |
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| More severe than tundra, no vegetation, low biodiversity. |
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| Elevational stratification, rainfall increases/temperature decreases w/ elevation. |
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| Differential Heating of Earth's Surface |
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Definition
| Results from orbital displacement, tilt, and rotation; creates air currents/Hadley Cells. |
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| Warm air rises, releases moisture, travels north, sinks, travels south. |
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| In North, winds deflect to the right, opposite in south. |
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| Mountains, ocean currents, heat islands. |
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| Heat sink, ocean currents, cold water upwellings. |
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| Ocean current that distributes heat across Earth. |
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| Winds blowing onshore prevent upwelling, warming surface waters. Stormy weather moves east, dry west, changes rainfall patterns. |
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| Storm generation in the pacific moves westward. |
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| Human Influences on Climate |
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| Heat islands, greenhouse gases. |
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| Region between low and high tide. |
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| Region between intertidal zone and edge of continental shelf. |
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| Open ocean. 32 parts/thousand salt. |
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| Warm, >27% salinity, well-oxygenated, nitrogen limited. |
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| Cool, low-normal salinity. |
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