Term
| Our goal in biological control |
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Definition
| to manipulate systems to be able to maintain pest populations at levels below that which would be economically or aesthetically damaging |
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Term
| Biological control could, therefore, be thought of as applied... |
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Definition
| “applied ecology” or “applied population dynamics”. |
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Term
| how to calculate population growth |
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Definition
| Population growth = (birth + immigration) – (death + emigration) |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of individuals that are members of a single species living together in the same habitat and likely to interbreed |
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Term
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Definition
| includes changes in populations over time |
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Term
| why we study population dynamics |
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Definition
| to help predict pest outbreaks and to understand how to best implement control tactics like biological control |
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Term
| Primary Ecological events |
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Definition
| changes in population density that occur when individuals are added to the population either through birth or immigration into an area, or when they are lost from the population through death or emigration |
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Term
| some ways individuals might enter a population |
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Definition
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Term
| some ways individuals can leave a population |
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Definition
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Term
| when population growth is said to be exponential |
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Definition
| when the rate of growth of a population gets faster as the population gets bigger |
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Term
| when exponential growth can occur |
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Definition
| when there are no limitations to growth |
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Term
| Population regulation relative to population dynamics refers to... |
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Definition
| the control of that population |
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Term
| Population regulation relative to population dynamics often implies... |
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Definition
| a return of the population to some sort of equilibrium level as a result of a density-dependent process |
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Term
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Definition
| an animal that eats more than one other animal during its lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
| an insect, that when immature, parasitizes another insect, subsequently killing its host, and is otherwise free-living as an adult |
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Term
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Definition
| a microorganism that lives as a parasite on or in a larger host organism, causing debility or mortality |
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Term
| Types of natural enemies can include... |
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Definition
| organisms that function as predators, parasitoids or pathogens |
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Term
| insect predators that are in the "True Bug" group (Hemiptera) |
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Definition
| insects that have piercing-sucking mouthparts which they use to impale their prey and extract fluid |
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Term
| some insect predators that are in the "True Bug" group (Hemiptera) |
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Definition
-Assassin Bugs (Reduviidae)
-Big-Eyed Bugs (Lygaeidae)
-Minute Pirate Bugs (Anthocoridae)
-Predaceous Damsel Bugs (Nabidae)
-Predaceous Plant Bugs (Miridae)
-some species of Stink Bugs (Pentatomidae) |
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Term
| some details about Assassin Bugs (Reduviidae) |
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Definition
-they generally appear oval orelongate
-often black and orange-red or brown
-larger than most of the other predaceous bugs, especially the giant wheel bug
-they have a head that has a particularly long and narrow appearance
-They feed on most other insects
-will inflict a painful bite if handled |
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Term
| some details about Big-Eyed Bugs (Lygaeidae) |
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Definition
-stout bodied
-about 1/8 inch long with prominent eyes that give the insect its name
-slightly larger than chinch bugs
-can often be found with populations of chinch bugs
-also feed on caterpillars and insect eggs |
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Term
| similarities and differences between big-eyed bugs and chinch bugs |
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Definition
-big-eyed bugs are slightly larger than chinch bugs
-They may have similar coloration, but are always broader across the head than the area just behind (shoulders)
-Chinch bugs, on the other hand, have a narrow head, never broader than the area directly behind |
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Term
| some details about Minute Pirate Bugs (Anthocoridae) |
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Definition
-1/8 - 1/4 inch long
-black and white as adults
-have colorful yellow-orange-brown nymphs depending upon instar
-produces painful bite
-effective predator of thrips and the eggs of many insect and mite species |
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Term
| some details about Predaceous Damsel Bugs (Nabidae) |
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Definition
-1/8 - 3/8 inch long
-may be cream colored to dark brown to black depending on the species
-The most common species are slender, elongate insects that are most active in mid summer
-They feed on eggs and immature stages of many pest insects |
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Term
| some details about Predaceous Plant Bugs (Miridae) |
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Definition
-less well known than other predaceous true bugs
-have been shown to be active predators of thrips, lace bugs, aphids, moth eggs and other insects of importance in the landscape |
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Term
| some details about some the spined soldier bug (a type of Stink Bug (Pentatomidae)) |
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Definition
-known predator of more than 100 pest species
-Adults are about ½ inch long, light brown, and somewhat dorso-ventrally flattened
-The shoulders are drawn out into the appearance of a spine, hence the name
-Both the more colorful nymphs and the adults feed and may attack prey much larger than themselves
-Adults overwinter and become active in the spring when new eggs are deposited
-Caterpillars and leaf beetle larvae are common prey items for stink bugs. |
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Term
| why most parasitic wasp species are rarely seen |
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Definition
| because they're <1/8 inch long |
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Term
| what many parasitic wasp species do that can help manage pests |
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Definition
| attacking the egg stage, completing their entire life cycle inside minute insect eggs |
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Term
| what parasitic wasps do to the host |
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Definition
-lay their eggs in or on the host and the immature stage of the wasp feeds on the hosts tissues
-may emerge from its host to pupate or pupate within the body of its host. |
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Term
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Definition
| parasites that develop inside the host |
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Term
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Definition
| parasites that live on the outside of the host's body |
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Term
| parasitic wasps can leave behind these indicators of parasitism |
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Definition
-holes in the host
-cocoons |
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Term
| what parasitic flies do to pests |
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Definition
they deposit an egg or in some cases, a live larva, on or near the body of their host
-the larva burrows into its host and consumes the internal tissues |
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Term
| the amount of insect species that are considered pests |
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Definition
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Term
| some bad things insect pests do that people don't like |
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Definition
-they destroy millions of dollars worth of crops, fruits, shade trees and ornamental plants, stored products, household items, and other materials valued by man.
-They vector diseases of man and domestic animals.
-They attack man and his pets causing irritation, blood loss, and in some instances, death. |
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Term
| integrated pest management (IPM) |
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Definition
| Use of all available tactics to maintain pests at acceptable levels |
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Term
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Definition
-Mechanical
-Biological
-Cultural
-Chemical
-Regulatory |
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Term
| Some components of IPM include... |
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Definition
| plant health, host plant resistance, biological controls, cultural controls, and pesticides |
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Term
| what IPM was initially developed for |
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Definition
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Term
| what IPM has been seen as in recent times |
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Definition
| the best way balance the needs of pest management with protection of human health and the environment |
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Term
| A goal of many biocontrol programs |
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Definition
| to establish a self-sustaining system that will require few or no additional inputs |
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Term
| types of changes in natural enemy numbers in response to changing pest population numbers |
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Definition
-Numerical response
-Functional response |
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Term
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Definition
the response of predators to prey in which the number of prey eaten by predators changes in response to prey density.
example: more prey may be eaten for example, when the prey density increases |
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Term
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Definition
| a response by predators to prey in which the density of predators in a given area increases due to reproduction in relation to increasing prey density. Migration into an area of high prey density is also a numerical response. |
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Term
| what type of response is it when predators move into an area with high prey density |
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Definition
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Term
| chart showing the different types of functional responses |
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Definition
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Term
| the 4 essential components to the type II functional response |
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Definition
-Rate of successful search
-time predator and prey are exposed
-handling time
-hunger |
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Term
| the component that needs to be added to describe the sigmoid curve in the type 3 functional response |
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Definition
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Term
| when the type 1 functional response is fairly rare |
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Definition
| when handling time is nearly zero and predators never become satiated |
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Term
| Density independent mortality factors |
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Definition
| mortality factors that kill the same proportion of the population, regardless of population density |
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