Term
| 4 Fundamental Skills of EBM |
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Definition
Ask
Acquire
Appraise
Apply |
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Term
| What does PICO stand for? |
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Definition
P- Patient or Problem
I- Intervention (Therapy, diagnosis, prognosis, etiology)
C- Comparison Intervention
O- Outcome |
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Term
| 4S approach to acquiring evidence |
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Definition
Computer Decision Support SYSTEMS
Pre-Appraised SYNOPSES (ACP Journal Club, Clinical Evidence, PIER)
Pre-Appraised SUMMARIES (Cochrane, NCI, CDC, UpToDate)
Original Published STUDIES (NLM, PubMEd, Ovid) |
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Term
| Best study design for THERAPY: |
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Definition
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Term
| Best study design for DIAGNOSIS: |
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Definition
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Term
| Best study design for SCREENING: |
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Definition
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Term
| Best study design for PROGNOSIS: |
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Definition
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Term
| Best study design for CAUSATION: |
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Definition
Cohort Study
Case-control study |
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Term
| Best search term and study design for THERAPY: |
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Definition
RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIAL
Clinical Trial [pt]
pt=publication type |
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Term
| Best search term and study design for DIAGNOSIS: |
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Definition
CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Sensitivity [tw]
tw= text word |
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Term
| Best search term and study design for PROGNOSIS: |
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Definition
COHORT STUDY
Cohort Studies |
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Term
| Best search term and study design for ETIOLOGY (harm): |
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Definition
COHORT STUDY or CASE-CONTROL STUDY
Risk [tw]
tw= text word |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the INTRODUCTION in a journal article? |
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Definition
Statement of purpose and problem
Establish importance and rationale for research
Complements the discussion |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the METHODS in a journal article? |
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Definition
Most important section
Research Design
Population Sample
Outcome Measures
Statistical Analyses |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the RESULTS in a journal article? |
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Definition
Summary of sample and subgroups/outcome measures
Report research outcomes
Tables and Graphs
Results Stats |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the DISCUSSION in a journal article? |
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Definition
Explains importance of results and how it relates
Examine for bias and inappropriate conclusions
Errors in statistical conclusions |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS in a journal article? |
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Definition
| Financial Information Disclosure |
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Term
| Which research design is EXPERIMENTAL, LONGITUDINAL, and PROSPECTIVE? |
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Definition
Clinical Trial
(Controlled/Uncontrolled) |
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Term
| Which research design is OBSERVATIONAL, COMPARATIVE, and LONGITUDINAL? |
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Definition
Cohort Trial
Future- Prospective
Past- Retrospective |
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Term
| Which research design is OBSERVATIONAL, COMPARATIVE, and has the variable and outcome MEASURED AT THE SAME TIME? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which research design is OBSERVATIONAL AND NON-COMPARATIVE? |
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Definition
| Case Report or Case Series |
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Term
| What are the advantages of a CLINICAL TRIAL? |
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Definition
Can produce strongest evidence for cause and effect
Can control for both measured and unmeasured variables
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Term
| What are the disadvantages of a CLINICAL TRIAL? |
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Definition
Often costly in time and money
Many research not suitable for intervention (ethics, rare outcomes)
Standardized interventions may be different from common practice (reducing generalizability)
Tends to restrict scope |
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Term
| What are the advantages of a COHORT TRIAL? |
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Definition
Establishes sequence of events
Multiple predictors and outcomes
Number of outcomes grows over time
Yields incidence, relative risk, excess risk
(prospective)
more control over selection of subjects
(retrospective)
less expensive and shorter duration |
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Term
| What are the disadvantages of a COHORT TRIAL? |
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Definition
Requires large sample size
Not feasible for rare outcomes
Can account for only measured variables
Stats may be much more complex than that of clinical trials |
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Term
| What are the advantages of a CROSS-SECTIONAL TRIAL? |
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Definition
Relatively short duration
May study several outcomes
Good 1st step for Cohort study
Yields prevalence info for multiple predictors & outcomes |
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Term
| What are the disadvantages of a CROSS-SECTIONAL TRIAL? |
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Definition
Does not establish sequence of events
Not feasible for rare predictors
Does not yield incidence or relative risk |
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Term
| What are the advantages of a CASE-CONTROL TRIAL? |
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Definition
Useful for studying rare conditions
Short durations
Inexpensive
Small Sample Size
Yields odds ratios |
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Term
| What are the disadvantages of a CASE-CONTROL TRIAL? |
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Definition
Bias and confounding from sampling two populations
Limited to one outcome variable
Does not establish sequence of events
Potential bias in measuring predictors
Does not yield prevalence, incidence, or excess risk info |
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Term
| What are the advantages of CASE REPORTS(s)? |
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Definition
Easy to do
Lease expensive
Short duration
Often the basis for further research |
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Term
| What are the disadvantages of a CASE REPORT? |
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Definition
Most prone to bias
Does not establish sequence of events
Potential bias in measuring predictors |
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Term
| What is publication bias? |
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Definition
| If a research study is published, it will usually only be so because it found something significant. |
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Term
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Definition
Qualitative data where numbers are used to classify data into GROUPS
(Only 2 groups = dichotomous) |
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Term
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Definition
| Numbers are used to RANK data |
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Term
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Definition
| Quantitative data where numbers are used to describe data at fixed intervals between values |
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Term
| What is the MEAN in relation to central tendency? |
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Definition
| Average of all the data [sum/# of data] |
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Term
| What is the MEDIAN in relation to central tendency? |
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Definition
| middle value of the data spread |
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Term
| What is the MODE in relation to central tendency? |
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Definition
| The value within the data that occurs most frequently |
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Term
| What are commonly used measures of "spread"? |
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Definition
Range [largest value-smallest value]
Standard Deviation
Variance
Standard Error |
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Term
| In a distribution of data that is skewed to the left, is the median or mean greater? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a distribution of data that is skewed to the right, is the median or mean greater? |
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Definition
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Term
| In relation to kurtosis, a positive distribution will be what in comparison to normal? |
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Definition
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Term
| In relation to kurtosis, a negative distribution will be what in comparison to normal? |
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Definition
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Term
| A "Gaussian" spread an equal spread on either side of a symmetrical curve. Knowing this, how much of a population is included in 1 standard deviation? |
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Definition
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Term
| To finish in the top 2.35% of our class, how many standard deviations do you need to get away from the mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| Two standard deviations is a "normal" spread. How much of a population is included in "normal"? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three ways you can describe NOMINAL DATA? |
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Definition
Proportion (a/a+b)
Percentage (Proportion * 100)
Ratio (a/b) |
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Term
| Define the term INCIDENCE in relation to research studies: |
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Definition
| Total number of new cases over a specified period of time |
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Term
| Define the term PREVALENCE in relation to research studies: |
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Definition
| Total number of cases of disease at a given point in time |
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Term
| At what level when pulling 10 marbles from a 1000 marble bag of equal amounts of white/black marbles would the results be significant (not due to chance)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 steps in hypothesis testing? |
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Definition
1- State the research hypothesis
2- Decide on the appropriate statistical test
3- Select the level of significance for the statistical test
4- Perform the calculation
5- Draw and (re)state the conclusion. |
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Term
| Give an example of a NULL HYPOTHESIS: |
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Definition
| There is no difference between a new treatment and a placebo or between two variables or treatments for the same study outcome |
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Term
| Give an example of a ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS: |
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Definition
| There is a significant difference between a treatment and a placebo on the same clinical problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| 5% chance of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Chance that we will accept the null hypothesis when it is actually false. |
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Term
| When seeking information regarding a male patient with breast cancer, which BOOLEAN OPERATOR would be most useful with eliminating treatments for women? |
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Definition
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Term
| When trying to include all pieces of research and information regarding either of two different variables one would use the BOOLEAN OPERATOR: |
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Definition
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Term
| When trying to search for all information that correlates between 2 different variables, excluding the info that only applies to one, a person would use which BOOLEAN OPERATOR? |
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Definition
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