Term
| The science of __________ literally means "study of Earth." |
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Definition
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Term
| Geology is traditionally divided into two broad areas called physical and nonphysical geology. |
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Definition
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Term
| This science emphasizes the study of marine environments including composition and movement of seawater, as well as coastal processes, seafloor topography, and the abundant and varied marine life. |
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Definition
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Term
| You can learn a lot about atmospheric sciences, including whether to bring that umbrella, by listening to a ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| To better understand Earth, we'd better learn more about how our planet relates to the solar system and the universe by investigating the science of ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| There is a mixture of gases and small particles that surrounds and envelops Earth because of ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is not part of physical geology? Minerals;Rocks;Mountain Building; Earthquakes;Stars ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Astronomy is the study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather and climate. |
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Definition
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Term
| Earth is a dynamic, ever-changing planet. |
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Definition
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Term
| Internal forces are responsible for all erosional landscapes. |
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Definition
| False (Erosion might occur with wind,water or ice above the surface, not within) |
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Term
| Between the years 1930 and 1975 the population of Earth |
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Definition
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Term
| The average annual per capita consumption of metallic and nonmetallic mineral resources for the United States is nearly 11 tons. |
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Definition
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Term
| The global rate of mineral and energy resource usage has climbed less rapidly than the overall growth of population. |
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Definition
| False (population is booming, but so are our standards) |
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Term
| Which of the following natural processes can represent a hazard? Hurricanes, landslides, earthquakes, or drought ? |
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Definition
| All of the above: Hurricanes, landslides, earthquakes, drought |
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Term
| Natural resources include: Soil, coal, gold, water, all of the above ? |
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Definition
| All of the above : Soil, coal, gold, water |
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Term
| Which of the following is not directly part of the physical environment? Human Activities, temerature, water, rocks, none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is not considered a renewable resource? |
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Definition
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Term
| Artificial changes as a result of human activities always produce beneficial effects. |
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Definition
| False ; Natural systems do not always adjust to artifical changes the way we anticipate. |
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Term
| An understanding of Earth is essential for which of the following? dealing with the human impact on environment; minimizing the effects of natural hazards; location and recovery of basic resources; All of the above ? |
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Definition
| All of the above: dealing with the human impact on environment; minimizing the effects of natural hazards; location and recovery of basic resources; |
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Term
| The process in which researchers gather facts through observations and formulate scientific hypotheses and theories is called the ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| A tentative (or untested) explanation of a natural phenomenon is called a scientific ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| All science is based on the assumption that the natural world behaves in a consistent and predictable manner that is comprehensible through careful, systematic study. |
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Definition
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Term
| A scientific hypothesis is a well-tested and widely accepted view that the scientific community agrees best explains certain observable facts. |
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Definition
| False (widely tested& accepted is not guessing) |
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Term
| Facts are obtained as a direct result of ____________. |
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Definition
| observation and measurement |
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Term
| A scientific discovery can be made by ____________. making sound observations and measurements; unexpected and unpredicted experimental outcomes; computer simulations; all of the above; none of the above? |
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Definition
| all of the above; making sound observations and measurements; unexpected and unpredicted experimental outcomes; computer simulations |
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Term
| As a hypothesis stands up to experimentation, and other competing hypotheses are proven false, the hypothesis is likely to advance to acceptance as a ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following ways is not included in how to test a hypothesis? Predictions, repititions of experiments, strict analysis of data, popular belief? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Earth-centered model of the universe is accepted today because Earth is unique. |
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Definition
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Term
| Paradigms are narrow and isolated in scope to achieve a high degree of certainty. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ suggests that the bodies of the solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud composed mostly of hydrogen and __________. |
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Definition
| nebular hypothesis; helium |
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Term
| Shortly after Earth formed, __________, coupled with heat released by colliding particles, produced at least some melting of the interior. |
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Definition
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Term
| Earth and the other planets formed during essentially the same time span and from the same primordial material as the Sun. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The solar system began forming approximately 13–15 billion years ago. |
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Definition
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Term
| As the inner planets formed, the solar winds whisked away the lighter elements. |
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Definition
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Term
| Early in the formation of Earth, melting allowed the denser elements, principally iron and nickel, to sink to the center of the planet. |
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Definition
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Term
| Earth is located in the __________ galaxy. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A very large interstellar cloud of dust and gases is called a ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The age of Earth is best approximated at ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following sets of planets correctly identifies the four inner rocky planets, in order starting from the closest to the Sun? |
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Definition
| Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars |
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Term
| Based on compositional differences, which one of the following is not a principal region of Earth? |
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Definition
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Term
| Humans are a part of the Earth system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Eighty percent of Earth's atmosphere lies below an altitude of 5.6 kilometers (3.5 miles). |
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Definition
| False ; Ninety percent of the air in Earth's atmosphere occurs below an altitude of approximately 16 kilometers (10 miles). How much do you think would be within less than half this distance |
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Term
| The hydrosphere is restricted to our global oceans. |
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Definition
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Term
| Soil is part of the __________ ; hydrosphere, biosphere, geosphere, all of the above? |
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Definition
| All of the above: hydrosphere, biosphere, geosphere, |
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Term
| Choose the best answer to describe our atmosphere. The atmosphere __________: Protects us from the Sun, is an integral part of our planet , includes weather processes , provides the air we breathe , all of the above ? |
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Definition
| All of the above protects us from the Sun, is an integral part of our planet , includes weather processes , provides the air we breathe |
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Term
| The geosphere is also known as the "Solid Earth." |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The geosphere is the largest part of Earth. |
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Definition
| True ; The geosphere extends from the surface to the center of the planet. |
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Term
| Events of the geologic past and Earth's history can be arranged into different units and presented as the __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The term lithosphere refers to the rigid outer layer of Earth that includes the crust and uppermost mantle. |
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Definition
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Term
| The core, mantle, and crust are layers sorted and divided based on ________ differences. |
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Definition
| compositional and density |
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Term
| Earth's interior experiences changes in __________ with depth. temperature, pressure, density, all oif the above |
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Definition
| All of the above; temperature, pressure, density, |
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Term
| Activity in this area is thought to be directly responsible for Earth's magnetic field. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Plate tectonics is best described as a ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The flat, expansive, stable interior areas of the continents are known as ________. |
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Definition
| shields - most notably in Canada |
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Term
| Temperature is the only factor considered when determining if a rock will melt. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lithospheric plates move because unequal distribution of heat creates motion and a mechanism within Earth called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following features of the oceans is part of the continental margin? |
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Definition
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Term
| The hydrologic cycle is a familiar example of a subsystem of the Earth system. |
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Definition
| True (this describes the movement of H2o through the different parts of the earth) |
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Term
| Earth processes are powered by energy from two sources, the __________ and Earth's interior. |
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Definition
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Term
| Loosely defined, a __________ can be any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Earth system is characterized by processes that vary on spatial scales from fractions of millimeters to thousands of kilometers and time scales from milliseconds to billions of years. |
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Definition
| True ( i.e. lightning caqn happen very fast, and significant plate motion can me measured in hundreds of thousands of years) |
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Term
| Earth consists of three major spheres: What are they? |
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Definition
| Hydrosphere( the water portion of our planet) , atmosphere(earths gaseous envelope), & geosphere (solid earth) |
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Term
| Earth system science attempts to integrate the knowledge of several academic fields. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most natural systems are closed systems. |
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Definition
| False (natural systems can be complicated, with energy & matter flowing in & out) |
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Term
| Negative feedback mechanisms work to maintain the system as it is, in other words, to maintain the status quo. |
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Definition
| True (they stabilize the system) |
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Term
| A common boundary where different parts of a system or subsystem come in contact or overlap and interact is called a/an ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Since carbon dioxide is one of the atmosphere's greenhouse gases, its removal has a negative impact on global warming. |
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Definition
| True (plants can remove CO2) |
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Term
| A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid, with a definite chemical composition and orderly internal structure. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ are the building blocks of rocks. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which of the following is not a mineral? |
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Definition
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Term
| Choose the best answer to describe the characteristics of a crystalline substance; atoms arranged in a repetitive pattern; solid shapes; atoms arranged in an orderly manner; all of the above ? |
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Definition
| All of the above: atoms arranged in a repetitive pattern; solid shapes; atoms arranged in an orderly manner; |
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Term
| Which of the following is not considered an organic material? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following statements is true about the material obsidian? consists of impure masses of calcite; made of minerals; is crystalline material ; is a volcanic glassy rock; none of the above |
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Definition
| It is a volcanic glassy rock |
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Term
|
Definition
| False (Our Professor says this is debatable - in Ice form it could be considered a mineral) |
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Term
| Rocks must contain minerals. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| An aggregate of mineral and/or mineral-like matter is best described by the term _______. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The rock "limestone" consists of impure masses of _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Ions form when atoms gain or lose neutrons. |
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Definition
| False; Neutrons are neutral particles |
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Term
| Isotopes of the same element have different mass numbers. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| All uncombined neutral atoms have the same number of neutrons as protons. |
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Definition
| FALSE (Neutral atoms need the same # of electrons & protons) |
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Term
| Elements can be organized into rows and groups and these relationships are displayed as ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The atomic number of isotope carbon-12 is six, so we can calculate that the nucleus includes ___________. |
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Definition
| six protons and six neutrons |
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Term
| An atom is the smallest particle that retains the properties of a given element. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) form an electrically neutral compound through the process of ionic bonding. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| An electically neutral subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom is called a/an ___________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Two or more elements bond together in definite proportions to form a/an ___________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Properties of elements can change dramatically when they form compounds. |
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Definition
| True - Cholorine is also a main element of swalt |
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Term
| The property that is a measure of the resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching is __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The scale used by geologists to measure the hardness of a mineral is called __________ scale. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Luster is the external expression of a mineral's internal orderly arrangement of atoms. |
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Definition
| False (Luster can be metallic or non-metallic) |
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Term
| Vitreous, pearly, and silky are types of metallic lusters. |
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Definition
| False (Vitreous means glassy) |
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Term
| Which of the following properties is the least reliable to help identify a mineral? |
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Definition
| color Quartz & a few other minerals can be yellow, clear, purple or pink) |
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Term
| Breakage along planes of weak bonding producing distinctive, smooth, flat surfaces is known as __________. |
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Definition
| cleavage (it is related to the internal structure and it is abnout breakage, not growth of the mineral) |
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Term
| The hardest mineral substance is __________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Fractures resulting in smooth curved surfaces, such as broken glass, are called __________ fractures. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which type of material will effervesce (fizz) when in contact with acidic solutions (such as hydrochloric acid)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is not one of the eight most abundant elements in Earth's continental crust? |
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Definition
| hydrogen (water covers nealy 75% of the surface of the earth, but is not one of the most abundant elements in the rocks of the continental crust) |
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|
Term
| Oxygen comprises about _________ percent by weight of Earth's continental crust. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Eight minerals make up 98% of the crust. |
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Definition
| False (8 major ELEMENTS make up 98% (by weight) of the continental crust) |
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Term
| The two most abundant elements in Earth's continental crust are _________. |
|
Definition
| oxygen(O) and silicon (Si) |
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|
Term
| Which major nonsilicate rock-forming mineral is the primary constituent of the rock limestone? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is the least abundant of the eight rock-forming elements that make up most of the continental crust? |
|
Definition
| magnesium (iron & magnesium are ijmpt but are more abundant in the oceanic crust) |
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Term
| Nonsilicates represent the largest group of minerals found in crustal rocks. |
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Definition
| False ( Silicates represent ~ 90% of the crust) |
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Term
| Which of the following groups is the most abundant in the crust? |
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Definition
| silicates (carbonites, sulfides & halides are all nonsillicates) |
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|
Term
| Iron and magnesium are the two most abundant elements in silicate minerals. |
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Definition
| False (They are important, but not due to their abundance) |
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|
Term
| Which silicate mineral group has a single-chain silicate structure? |
|
Definition
| pyroxenes (Augite is an example of the corrrect mineral group) |
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|
Term
| The basic building block of the silicate minerals _________. |
|
Definition
| contains 1 silicon atom and 4 oxygen atoms |
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|
Term
| Most silicate minerals form from _________. |
|
Definition
| molten rock (it cools & crystalizes) |
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|
Term
| The elements silicon and carbon comprise nearly three-fourths of Earth's continental crust. |
|
Definition
| False (Si & O are needed for silicates) |
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|
Term
| The composition of quartz is _________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The cleavage of a silicate mineral is largely directly determined by _________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The characteristics of muscovite include flat plates of cleavage. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Each silicate mineral group is associated with a particular silicate structure. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Quartz is the mineral from which plaster and other similar building materials are composed. |
|
Definition
| False (Gypsum is used for plaster & other similar building materials) |
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|
Term
| Reserves are already identified mineral deposits from which minerals can be extracted profitably. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxides, sulfides, and carbonates are common nonsilicate mineral groups. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which nonsilicate group contains important iron ores? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Galena is an important ore of gold. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metallic minerals mined at a profit are best referred to as ________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| After ancient seas evaporate, thick layers of this mineral can be formed and later mined for economic use. |
|
Definition
| halite (the chemical formula for halite is NaCI) |
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|
Term
| Chalcopyrite is known as an ore of copper. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The status of an ore deposit depends on ________.consumer demand; the price; the concentration of elements; the mining operation; all of the above? |
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Definition
| All of the above: consumer demand; The price; The concentration of elements; the mining operation; |
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|
Term
| Match the mineral with the primary metallic ore. Galena = ? Hematite =? Cinnabar=? Sphalerite=? |
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Definition
| galena = Pb (lead) hematite=Fe(iron) cinnabar= Hg(mercury) sphalerite=Zn (zinc) |
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|
Term
| The surface process that slowly disintegrates and decomposes rock is called ________. |
|
Definition
| weathering - VERY important for detrital sedimentary rocks |
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|
Term
| Compaction and cementation are two common steps or processes of lithification. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process called weathering, whereby magma cools, solidifies, and forms igneous rocks, may take place either beneath the surface, following a volcanic eruption, or at the surface. |
|
Definition
| False (weathring breaks down material) |
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|
Term
| Rocks are classified according to the mode of origin. Match the rock group with the catch-phrase describing the origin. Igneous, Sedimentary & Metamorphic; |
|
Definition
| change form = metamorphic / From Fire = Igneous / To settle = sedimentary |
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|
Term
| Metamorphic rocks exposed at the surface will most likely ________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The rock cycle involves only components of the Geosphere. |
|
Definition
| False - Rocks are part of the Geosphere or Earth, but the cycle shows the interactions with other spheres as well |
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|
Term
| __________ processes produce sedimentary rocks. |
|
Definition
| External - (Sedimentqary rocks are generally found at the surface) |
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|
Term
| Sediments are best defined as ________. |
|
Definition
| deposits of loose material |
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|
Term
| Environmental conditions of heat and pressure are most likely associated with ________. |
|
Definition
| metamorphism (intense heat & pressure are produced during mountain building events) |
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|
Term
| Over time, magma will crystallize to form igneous rocks. |
|
Definition
| True (magma can cool beneath the surface & form intrusive rocks or erupt as lava to produce extrusive igneous rocks) |
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|
Term
| Molten material found inside Earth is called ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why can two igneous rocks have the same minerals but different names? |
|
Definition
| They may have different textures. |
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|
Term
| The most common extrusive igneous rock is granite. |
|
Definition
| False (Granite is a course-grained rock that formed from magma cooling slowly within earth) |
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|
Term
| Igneous rocks are the rock type most likely to contain fossils. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Match each item by composition each pair should represent different textures based on the origin of formation ; granite / diorite / gabbro * rhyolite / basalt / andesite |
|
Definition
| granite= rhyolite / diorite = andesite / gabbro = basalt |
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|
Term
| Quenching of molten material is an important step in the formation of igneous rocks such as ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Granite exhibits a coarse-grained texture. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Igneous rocks are classified by ___________. |
|
Definition
| texture and mineral composition |
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|
Term
| The size of mineral crystals in igneous rocks is greatly influenced by the rate of magma cooling. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Igneous rocks that contain the last minerals to crystallize from magma and consist mainly of feldspars and quartz are said to have a ____________ composition. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which one of the following is not a primary element found in magma? |
|
Definition
| carbon (most sillcate minerals from from the crystaliztion of magma) |
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|
Term
| Magma is exactly the same as lava. |
|
Definition
| False (magma is molten material within earth) |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not a common dark (mafic) silicate mineral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process that results as the random movement of ions slows and the ions come to rest organized within a pattern is called __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The formation of one or more secondary magmas from a single parent magma is best called __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a theoretical ultramafic magma begins to solidify, we can expect :? the remaining magma composition to be changed; the magma to become more silica-rich, making quartz more likely to form; minerals rich in Fe and Mg begin to crystallize; the remaining magma composition to be changed; the magma to become more silica-rich, making quartz more likely to form; minerals rich in Fe and Mg begin to crystallize; |
|
Definition
| All of the above: the remaining magma composition to be changed; the magma to become more silica-rich, making quartz more likely to form; minerals rich in Fe and Mg begin to crystallize; other minerals form as the magma continues to cool; |
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|
Term
| In which of the following locations are you least likely to see plutonic igneous rocks exposed at the surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The crystallization of silicate minerals from magma is better understood because of the experiments and work of __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The great majority of rocks exposed at Earth's surface are of which type? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Separating strata are bedding planes, flat surfaces along which rocks tend to separate or break. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Detrital sedimentary rocks can form from ____________; detritus; organic material; loose sediment; solid particles of weathered rock; all of the above? |
|
Definition
| All of the above; detritus; organic material; loose sediment; solid particles of weathered rock; |
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|
Term
| Particles transported short distances from their source will most likely be ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following cannot be an example of biochemical sedimentary rock? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pore space in loose sediment is reduced over time through compaction and cementation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mud cracks are most closely associated with ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sand-sized particles of red sandstone are most likely cemented with iron oxide. |
|
Definition
| True (iron Oxide cement often results in orange or red color, like rust) |
|
|
Term
| Bituminous coal is considered a chemical sedimentary rock. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemical precipitates can form as water evaporates. |
|
Definition
| True (chemical sedimentary rocks that form this way are called evaporites) |
|
|
Term
| Chemical sedimentary rocks are often distinguished by features such as |
|
Definition
| shells AND weathered pieces of rock |
|
|
Term
| Detrital particles are predominantly quartz and |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The alignment of mineral crystals with a preferred orientation in a metamorphic rock that gives the rock a layered or banded appearance is referred to as a ____________ texture. |
|
Definition
| foliated (slate, schist & gneiss are metaporphic rocks that often display this texture) |
|
|
Term
| Metamorphism can cause changes in a rock's _________; Textures; chemical composition; mineralogy; overall appearance(large scale folds); all of the above ? |
|
Definition
| All of the above; Textures; chemical composition; mineralogy; & overall appearance(large scale folds) |
|
|
Term
| When subjected to high pressure, shale will change to marble. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most important agent of metamorphism is heat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Changes in the temperature of the solid Earth with increasing depth is known as _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Confining pressures are responsible for regional metamorphism. |
|
Definition
| False - regional metamorphism occurs as a large quantities & areas of rock experience direct pressures & high temperatures) |
|
|
Term
| Metamorphism by chemically active fluids are most likely to result in _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regional metamorphism is the result of differential stress. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is best considered a high-grade regional metamorphic rock? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some of the most important accumulations of metals such as gold, silver, and copper are produced by igneous and metamorphic processes. |
|
Definition
| True; Important metallic deposits can form from magmatic differentiation or as a result of fluid migration. |
|
|
Term
| Carbon-rich deposits can be converted to fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shale is often used for billiard tables because of the good rock cleavage. |
|
Definition
| False (the metamorphic rock slate has better developed clevage than shale & has a variety of building uses) |
|
|
Term
| Sedimentary rocks are important economically for ___________: ; construction materials; coal; natural gas reserves; petroleum reserves; all of the above? |
|
Definition
| All iof the above; construction materials; coal; natural gas reserves; petroleum reserves |
|
|
Term
| Bushveld Complex in South Africa is best known for the economically important reserves of ___________. |
|
Definition
| platinum (Pt) [Bushveld contains over 70% of the worlds known reserves…] |
|
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Term
| Which of the following is used as an abrasive industrial mineral? Opal; florite; sylvite; limestone; corundum ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Important metallic ore deposits can form when ___________. |
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Definition
| heavy crystals settle to the bottom of the magma chamber |
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Term
| Deposits of material, including metallic minerals, from fluids moving through fractures or along bedding planes are called ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Important metallic minerals, such as gold and copper, are sometime distributed in trace amounts throughout the whole rock in a ____________deposit. |
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Definition
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Term
| Nonmetallic resources are often classified according to their use as building materials or industrial minerals. |
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Definition
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Term
| The disintegration and decomposition of rock at or near Earth's surface is called __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| External processes are responsible for transforming solid rock into sediment. |
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Definition
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Term
| Weathering is a basic part of the hydrologic cycle. |
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Definition
| False (more with rock cycle) |
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Term
| Which of the following is not considered a mobile agent? |
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Definition
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Term
| Steep slopes should be used in landscaping to prevent erosion. |
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Definition
| False (in many cases, steep slopes enhanse erosion) |
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Term
| Fabricated products do not break apart in response to natural processes. |
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Definition
| False (concrete weathers) |
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Term
| Erosion can influence and reduce the effectiveness of : Water control; Flood control; Land use; agricultural practices; all of the above? |
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Definition
| All of the above; Water control; Flood control; Land use; agricultural practices |
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Term
| Which of the following is not directly related to external processes? |
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Definition
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Term
| The chemical alteration of rock is called combustion. |
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Definition
| False ( decompositionis the general term used for the chemical alteration or transformation of rock) |
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Term
| Weathering is the incorporation and transportation of rock materials. |
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Definition
| False (weathering breaks the rock apart and into pieces so its easier to move) |
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Term
| Chemical weathering will be most rapid in ____________ climates. |
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Definition
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Term
| When a rock is subjected to ____________, it breaks into smaller pieces having the same characteristics as the original rock. |
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Definition
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Term
| Whenever the characteristics and internal structures of minerals have been altered by weathering, they have undergone ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The atmospheric gas that forms a mild acid when dissolved in water is ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Water expands when it freezes. |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of mechanical weathering process is commonly found associated with igneous rocks as overlying rock material is eroded away. |
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Definition
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Term
| Exposure of rocks at Earth's surface to water and atmospheric conditions is most likely to cause ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Quartz chemically weathers to produce abundant clay minerals. |
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Definition
| False -( feldspar minerals chemically weather to produce clays & other products including sillica) |
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Term
| Mechanical weathering increases the surface area available to chemical weathering processes. |
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Definition
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Term
| The rate of weathering depends on ___________; Partical size; composition; atmospheric conditions; B & C only; All of the above |
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Definition
| all of the above; Partical size; composition; atmospheric conditions |
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Term
| All rocks weather at the same rate. |
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Definition
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Term
| Frost wedging is most pronounced or effective in mountainous areas and this weathering process contributes to the formation of large piles of rocks called ___________ at the base of steep rocky cliffs. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is not a form of chemical weathering? |
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Definition
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Term
| Iron-rich minerals and metals exposed to atmospheric conditions are most likely to weather through a process called ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The rate of weathering increases in areas with high pollution. |
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Definition
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Term
| Decayed organic matter in soil is called ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which soil type is likely to be found in the humid tropics? |
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Definition
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Term
| Soils formed from bedrock are called residual soils. |
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Definition
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Term
| About fifty percent of the total volume of a good quality soil consists of pore spaces. |
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Definition
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Term
| Climate is the most influential control of soil formation. |
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Definition
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Term
| The soil layer composed of partially altered parent material is called the C horizon. |
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Definition
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Term
| Soil develops only when the sediment is transported long distances over extended periods of time. |
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Definition
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Term
| Soil erosion is an important topic because it can ___________: cause pollution; result in topsoil loss; increawse unwanted sediment deposition elsewhere; increase in rate during droughts; all of the above |
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Definition
| all of the above; cause pollution; result in topsoil loss; increawse unwanted sediment deposition elsewhere; increase in rate during droughts |
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Term
| When a mass of material moves downslope along a curved surface the process is called __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The most widespread form of mass wasting is __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The downward movement of material as a viscous fluid is termed "slide." |
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Definition
| False (Viscous means thick, somewhat resistant to flow, but still moving) |
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Term
| Mass wasting will most likely occur when materials are at an angle that is less than their angle of repose. |
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Definition
| False (if the angle is less than the angle of response, the material will be stable) |
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Term
| Events that can weaken a slope, increase instability, and can initiate downslope movement are called __________. |
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Definition
| triggers (hurricanes, heavy rains, & other events) |
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Term
| Debris flows composed of volcanic material are called __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Material can move downslope by __________: falling; sliding; flowing; A & C; all of the above ? |
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Definition
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Term
| In areas underlain by permafrost, solifluction is most likely to occur __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mass wasting is classified by the type of motion and the rate of movement. |
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Definition
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Term
| Testing Hypotheses uses Positive & Negative processes? T/F |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A theory that exlains a large # of interactive aspects of the natural world (i.e. plate techtonics) |
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Term
| Origin of the Universe? (Big Bang) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Nebular Hypothesis? |
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Definition
| It proposes that the bodies of our solar system evolved from a enormous rotating cloud called the solar nebula |
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