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| K-T Impact Hypothesis Summary |
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Iridium anamoly
Shocked quartz
tektites
global soot layer
mega tsunami deposits
candidate impact crater on Yucatan peninsula at Chicxulub |
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| fusion occurs at what temp |
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| the iron core of a star collapses |
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100,000 light years across
200,000 light years away from another galaxy (Andormeda Nebula) |
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red = away = longer wavelength
blue = toward = shorter wavelength |
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6 hour days
no atmosphere
no oceans |
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| In a second everything can change |
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| cynobacteria 3.5 billion years ago |
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| the release of energy from glucose or another organic substrate in the presence of Oxygen |
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| Nicolaus Steno (1638-1686) |
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| Lava flows and sediments form from flowing material (lava or flowing water) that spreads out. |
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| layering in sediments and lavas formed within a few degrees of horizontal |
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| a layer may change in thickness, but will be continuous. Thus a bed that looks the same and is the same age can be correlated |
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| younger rocks on top of older rocks (except in the case of magma injected into other rocks |
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| Igneous/Metamorphic/Sedamentary |
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Igneous - from magma/lava
Metamorphic - cooked/squeezed rocks
Sedimentary - from erosion of other rocks,
fossils, or chemical deposition. |
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Scottish
Plutonism vs. Neptunism
Grand-daddy of Uniformitarianism |
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| idea that the sun and planets cooled from a hot nebula in the interstellar medium (Descarte and Laplace) |
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| Idea that star formed first then close passage of another star ripped material out which cooled to make planets (de Buffon 1785) |
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| hybrid of condensation ideas, recognize the great heterogeneity and turbulence in a condensing spinning nebula |
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| as the nebula cooled, the refractory materials accreted into a single core and later less refractory materials added on to give an iron rich core overlain by silicates |
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| planitessimals accreted into a larger body such that the initial distribution of materials was fairly uniform |
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| mounds of laminated calcium carbonate and chert found 3.5 bya in australia and africa |
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| Life activites: replication, metabolism, regulation |
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Definition
replication: reproduction/birth and maybe death
metabolism: intake energy, build body, waste elminiation of materials
Regulation: Chemical control on the biochemical system: maintaining functions |
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| primordial soup experiment |
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| 1953, Stanley Miller and Harold urey, made of steam, ammonia, methane, hydrogen, and water |
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| capture energy from light of chemical reactions. |
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| obtain energy by consuming organic compounds |
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| absorb light energy using molecules with organic-metal complexes like chlorophyll, enegry charges up ATP and makes sugar |
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| 250 mya boundary between permean and triasic period...environmental meltdown, stopped photosynthesis and oxygen, planet cools |
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| represent gaps in the rock record during which erosion took place. Rocks below an unconformity could have been uplifted, tilted, folded, overturned, etc. then eroded, followed by renewed deposition. |
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Doctrine that processes observed today, operating
n over great spans of time give rise to large-scale
n changes in the Earth |
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Doctrine that changes in the Earth have often
n involved sudden events caused by physical
n forces operating in ways not routinely observed today. Early catastrophism was bible-based. |
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| The study of the lateral variation or vertical succession of strata (rock layers) |
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Correlation based on similarity of composition or position of rock types.
Assumes strata are deposited synchronously in different regions |
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| 1769-1839): worked on canals in S.E. England and made the first geological map |
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| George Cuvier ( 1769-1832) |
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| Used this approach to map the sediments of the Paris Basin. Big time Catastrophist |
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| Good index fossils often... |
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| 1) are oceanic because they can easily migrate around the world, 2) have shells or bones, 3) are low on the food chain (thus lots of them). |
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| produced a biblical estimate of the origin of the Earth of October 22 |
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| 1638-1686, and is the essence of the Law of Superposition, the notion that rocks are laid down on top of preexisting rocks |
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Cenozoic/Mesozoic = 65 Million Years
Mesozoic/Paleozoic = 225 Million Years
Paleozoic/Precambrian = 570 Million Years |
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| There is a Great Chain of Beings from simplest to most complex. Complexity reflects the more perfect form. All life imbued with an immutable essence |
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(1744-1829)
Presented the first general theory of evolution. Life spontaneously generates from dirt to form lower plants. No extinction occurs, so all forms that have arisen exist today. Traits are inherited from parents to offspring, and there is a long-term response to use or non-use of organs |
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| 1769-1832). An expert in comparative anatomy and the 'father' of Catastrophism. He argued that extinction does take place. This is largely a consequence of catastrophic environmental disruption |
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| Evolution occurs by very gradual transformation upon descent from earlier organisms. The relationship between parent and offspring is key to all diversity (genetic nature of reproduction was not yet known). Variation in species or subspecies lead to divergence. |
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Variation: Populations must vary in traits
Fitness Difference: There must be a relationship between variation in traits and mating ability, fertility, fecundity, and/or survivorship that affects viability of offspring
Inheritance: Offspring acquire (somehow) traits from their parents that will activate fitness differences. |
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