Term
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Definition
| earthquakes form elastically (unstrained), deforms, slips, repeats (leaves many scars) |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden slip of a fault lowers stress and relaxes strain |
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Term
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Definition
| P waves and S waves (vibrations excited because youve changed state of stress) |
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Term
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Definition
| sound waves in rock, solids, and fluids (noise of rock on rock sliding) - propogation velocity ~6-13 km/sec |
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Term
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Definition
| only in rock, not in air (shake ground) - propogation velocity ~ 2-7.3 km/sec |
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Term
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Definition
| (surface wave)-S waves reverberating in crust/upper mantle, shake ground horizontally, perpendicular to direction of propogation |
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Term
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Definition
| P&S waves interfere, shake the ground up and down/back and forth along direction of propogation |
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Term
| Results of Study of Seismic Waves: |
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Definition
-locate earthquake sources,
-compare size of events (magnitude, moment),
-determine orientation of faults and sense of slip,
-determine internal structure of the earth |
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Term
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Definition
| -proportional to amount of slip on fault, and to energy released in fault zone, -determine how big event was, -seismic wave spread from source as wave amplitude decreases |
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Term
| Measures of Earthquake size: |
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Definition
-Intensity (Qualitative) : based on shaking damage, decreases with distance (all they could do pre 1900)
-Magnitude (Quantitative/Empirical) : based on seismic wave amplitude
-Seismic Moment (Quantitative/Theoretical) : based on actual fault slip |
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Term
| Primary Earthquake Hazards |
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Definition
| Fault Displacement and Ground Shaking |
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Term
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Definition
| landslides, liquefaction, tsunamis, dam/highway/nuclear/chemical structure failiures, fire induced events |
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Term
| How to survive a tsunami: |
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Definition
-go to high ground
-get on a roof
-climb a tree
-if in water, grab on floating debris
-Expect many waves |
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Term
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Definition
| construction standards, civil preparation, land use planning, timely warning |
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Term
| Long-term forcasts (how frequently an area will be shaken): |
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Definition
| recurrence interval, seismic gaps/characteristic earthquakes, hazard maps (where you will have risks) |
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Term
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Definition
| precursors, post/earthquake warning, Strain effects, Exotic Methods |
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Term
| Richter magnitude scale (1933) |
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Definition
| Charles Richter, richter magnitude = log(amplitude/wave period) + distance correlation |
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Term
| Greatest earthquake in recorded history |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens whe a wave reaches a boundary in the earth |
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Definition
| reflaction, refraction, or conversion (p to s or s to p) |
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Term
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Definition
volcanic mountains
-igneous rocks
-dust
-gas/water
-trace gases: climate effects
-geothermal energy
-minerals/ores |
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Term
| present atmosphere (substances and percentages) |
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Definition
| 79% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, traces of water, co2, ar, ne |
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Term
| geothermal energy (alternate energy sources) |
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Definition
hydrothermal (water heated by sinking down in the crust and warming up by hot rocks) - 2x world supply of oil
-hot dry rock - 6000x world supply of oil
-magma reservoirs |
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Term
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Definition
| under earth in carbon kimberlites |
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Term
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Definition
| explosions, lava, ash, nuees ardentes (gas and magma landslides), gas |
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Term
| secondary volcanic hazards |
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Definition
| landslides, lahards, tsunamis, agricultural disruption |
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Term
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Definition
| Ascent of Molten Rock (Magma) from deeper in Crust and Upper Mantle (earths core is magma) |
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Term
| Why is the earth hot inside? |
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Definition
| Primordial Gravitational Energy and Radioactive Decay of U, Th, K, Al |
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Term
| 3 tectonic regions volcanoes occur in: |
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Definition
| Subduction Zones (island and continental arcs), Mid ocean ridges/rifts, Hotspots (plume of hot mantle rises) |
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Term
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Definition
| Subduction Zone volcano, strato-volcano, deadly, erupted 1707 |
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Term
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Definition
| Near subduction zones: island arc or continental arcs |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common rock type in arc volcanoes, relatively hi Si content, makes magma sticky,vicious lava piles up and make cones and bubbles with gas |
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Term
| Characteristics of Arc Volcanism |
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Definition
| explosive, gas traps and builds pressure, source magma rich in water and gas |
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Term
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Definition
| depression formed my collapse of magma chamber roof (fills with sediments and lava after explosion of magma) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1915-1930, developed notion of the continental riff, idea of super continent pangea |
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Term
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Definition
| 1596 developed idea of pangea |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| broken up, blocky, rough flow |
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Term
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Definition
| coherent, fluid, ropey or rippley surfaces |
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