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| An Environment that could lead to a disaster if it effects people |
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| a sudden event, such as an accident or a natural catastrophe, that causes great damage or loss of life. |
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| an event causing great and often sudden damage or suffering. |
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occur at regular intervals
yearly,monthly,daily |
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| restriction of development according to practical and ethical condsiderations, inlcuding the risk of natural hazards |
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| Changes in an environment to minimalize loss from a disaster |
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Events preceding major natural events and which may warn of the coming event
Ex: foreshocks, elevation changes, radon gas emissions, changes in ground water |
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The average number of years between events of a certain size in a location
also know as Return period |
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| contains both crust and mantle |
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A tectonic plate boundary along which two plates come together by either subduction or continent-continent collision
Where Reverse/Thrust Faults are |
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Spreading plate boundary such as mid-ocean ridge
where Normal faults are |
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A fault boundary where two tectonic plates slide past one another
ex: San Adreas Fault |
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Lower density crust floats in earths higher desity mantle
AKA: isostatic equalibrium |
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| An isolated volcano, typically not on a lithospheric plate boundary, buy lying above a plume or hot column of rock in earths mantle |
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1.) A dense rising cloud of ash from a erupting volcano
2.) a upward-flaring zone of hot rock deep in earth's mantle |
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A high-standing rift or spreading zone in an ocean
ex: the mid atlantic ridge or east pacific ridge |
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| The theory that lithospheric plates move relative to one another, they can collide, pull apart, or slide ast one another. These movements can cause earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and build mountian ranges, the theory is supported by a wide range of data |
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| An elongate spreading zone in earths lithosphere |
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| where seafloor spreads apart at a mid-ocean ridge during plate tectonic movement |
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| Convergent Boundary along which lithospheric plates come together and one decends beneath the other, often ocean floor descending beneath continent |
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| An elongate depression at the decenting ocean floor at a subduction zonebetween two tectonic plates and most commonly at the edge of an active continental margin. Most are at the margins of the Pacific Oceans. |
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| The rate of increase in velocity. During an earthquake, the ground accelerates from being staionary to a maxium velocity before slowing and reversing its movement. |
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| The size of the back and forth motion of earthquake shaking on a seismograph |
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| The Number of events ina given time , such as the back-and-forth motions of an earthquake per second |
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| The time between seismic waves, or time between the peaks recorded on a seismograph |
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| the distance between wave crest |
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| A thrust that does not reach Earths surface. It is not edvident at the surface |
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| A wave that travels through earths interior, P and S waves are body waves |
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Surface layers of soil on a slope gradually move downslope more rapidly that surface layers
2.) Slow, more-or-less continuous movement on a fault |
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| the theory applied to most earthquakes in which movement on two sides of a fault leads to bending of the rocks untl they slip or release the beinding strain during an earthquake |
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| the point on the earths surface directly above the earthquake focus; surface location above initial rupture point on a fault. |
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| is the position where the strain energy stored in the rock is first released, marking the point where the fault begins to rupture. |
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| Place where the fault first slipped |
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| In which soil goes from being solid/stable becomes almost liquid when shaking andthen becomes solid again when skaing stops |
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| Scale based on how strongly people fell the shaking and the severity of the damage it causes |
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| the scale of earth quake magnitude; invented by Charles Ritcher |
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the magnitude of an earth quake based on its seismic moment; measure of total engergy expanded during an earthquake
depends on the rock strength, area of the rock broken, and the moment of offset across the fault |
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Move steeply on an inclineed surface
Occuron Divergent Boundaries |
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Move Rocks on the upperside of the fault up and over those below
Occur on Convergent boundaries |
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A fault (generally vertical) which has relative lateral movement of the two sides
Occurs on transform boundaries |
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| Primary waves, occur first |
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| Secondary Waves, Occur sencond |
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| Seismic wave that travels along and near the earths surface. |
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| the record of seismic waves from an earthquake or other ground motion as recorded on a seismograph |
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| records the shaking of an earthquake/ instrument used to detect and record seismic waves |
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| The Forces on a body. they can be compressional, extensional, or shear/ Change is size or shape of a body in response to imposed stress |
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| the surface length of a fault broken during an earthquake |
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| The distance between an initial position and the position after the movement on a fault |
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| A Mechanism to isolate a structure from earthquake shaking in the ground; often flexible pads between a building and the ground |
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| earthquakes that occur, over time, in a sequential manner along a fault |
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| the study of prehistoric fault movements: examination of offset rock layers below ground surface |
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| modifying existing buildings to minimize the damage during a strong earthquake |
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| A section of an active fault that has not had a recent earthquake. Earthquakes elsewhere on the fault suggest that the gap may cause a future earthquake. |
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