Term
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Definition
| the shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth's surface |
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Term
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Definition
| a force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume |
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Term
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Definition
| stress that pushes a mass of rock in opposite directions |
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Term
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Definition
| stress that stretches rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle |
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Term
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Definition
| stress that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in the volume or shape of Earth's crust |
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Term
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Definition
| a break in Earth's crust where slabs of rock slip past each other |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of fault where rocks on either side move past each other sideways with little up-or-down motion |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of fault where the hanging wall slides downward; caused by tension in the crust |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of fault where the hanging wall slides upward |
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Term
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Definition
| a bend in rock that forms where part of Earth's crust is compressed |
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Term
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Definition
| an upward fold in rock formed by compression of Earth's crust |
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Term
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Definition
| a downward fold in rock formed by compression in Earth's crust |
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Term
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Definition
| the point beneath Earth's surface where rock breaks under stress and causes an earthquake |
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Term
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Definition
| the point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake's focus |
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Term
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Definition
| a vibration that travels through the Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of seismic wave that forms when P waves and S waves reach Earth's surface |
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Term
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Definition
| a device that records ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through Earth |
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Term
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Definition
| the measurement of an earthquake's strength based on seismic waves and movement along faults. |
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Term
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Definition
| a scale that rates earthquakes according to their intensity and how much damage they cause |
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Term
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Definition
| a scale that rates seismic waves as measured by a particular type of mechanical seismograph |
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Term
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Definition
| a scale that rates earthquakes by estimating the total energy released by and earthquake |
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Term
| What is the difference between constructive and destructive forces? |
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Definition
| Constructive forces shape the surface by building up mountains and landmasses. Destructive forces are those that slowly wear away mountains and, eventually, every other feature on the surface. |
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Term
| How do pressure and temperature change in Earth's interior? |
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Definition
| Pressure and temperature both increase as you get deeper into the Earth's interior. |
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Term
| Describe the characteristics of the Earth's crust. |
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Definition
| Rocks, mountains, Earth's outer skin, thin layer, dry land and ocean floor. |
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Term
| Describe the characteristics of the Earth's mantle. |
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Definition
| 2nd layer down, solid layer of hot rock, made up of the upper lithosphere and the lower asthenosphere (weaker). The mantle is very thick. |
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Term
| Describe the characteristics of the Earth's outer core. |
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Definition
| Liquid molten metal, behaves like a thick liquid. |
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Term
| Describe the characteristics of the Earth's inner core. |
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Definition
| Dense ball of solid metal under extreme pressure |
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Term
| What are the three different ways that heat is transferred. |
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Definition
| radiation, conduction and convection |
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Term
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Definition
| The transfer of heat through an empty space. |
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Term
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Definition
| heat transfer by direct contact of particles of matter |
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Term
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Definition
| heat transfer involving the movement of fluids, liquids and gases. During convection, heated particles of fluid begin to flow, transferring heat energy from one part of the fluid to another. |
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Term
| Describe the Theory of Continental Drift. |
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Definition
| The idea that all the continents were once joined together and slowly drifted apart. |
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Term
| What evidence did Alfred Wegener use in his Theory of Continental drift? |
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Definition
| evidence from landforms matching up, similar fossils on different continents, climate evidence |
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Term
| Why was Wegener's theory of Continental Drift rejected? |
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Definition
| He could not provide a satisfactory explanation for the force that pushes or pulls the continents. |
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Term
| Describe the Theory of Sea Floor Spreading. |
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Definition
| the process by which molten material adds new oceanic crust to the ocean floor. |
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Term
| State the evidence that Harry Hess used to support the Sea Floor spreading theory. |
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Definition
| evidence from the molten material and magnetic strip patterns on the ocean floor, evidence from drilling samples |
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Term
| Explain the role that subduction plays in sea floor spreading. |
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Definition
| subduction is the process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle. |
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Term
| Describe the Theory of Plate Tectonics. |
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Definition
| explains the formation, movement and subduction of Earth's plates. Plates of the lithosphere float on top of the asthenosphere. Convection currents rise in the asthenosphere causing the movement of Earth's plates. |
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Term
| What are the three types of plate boundaries? |
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Definition
| transform, divergent, convergent |
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Term
| What is a transform boundary? |
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Definition
| a place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions. |
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Term
| What is a divergent boundary? |
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Definition
| the place where two plates move apart or diverge, causing a rift valley |
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Term
| What is a convergent boundary? |
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Definition
| the place where two plates come together or converge, causing mountains which rise up or a trench when one plate dives under another. |
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Term
| What is the difference between and epicenter and focus of an earthquake? |
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Definition
| The focus is below the earth's surface where the rock breaks. The epicenter is on the earth's surface directly above the focus. |
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