Term
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Definition
| a fold or depression shaped like a right-side-up bowl |
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Definition
| an array of interconnecting streams that together drain an area |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a film of water less than a few millimeters thick that covers the ground surface during heavy rains |
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Term
| Dentritic Drainage Network |
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Definition
| like veins on a leaf or branches on a tree, gentle slopes, uniform rock type |
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Term
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Definition
| flows out from central location, common around volcanoes or other conical features |
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Term
| Rectangular Drainage Network |
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Definition
| streams join together at right angle because of a rectangular grid of fractures that breaks up the ground and localizes channels |
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Definition
| drainage network that forms over valley-and-ridge sequences |
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Term
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Definition
| the beginning point of a stream |
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Term
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Definition
| a trough dug into the ground surface by flooding water |
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Term
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Definition
| the flat land on either side of a stream that becomes covered with water during a flood |
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Definition
| the elevated surface of an older floodplain into which a younger floodplain had cut down |
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Definition
| the deepest part of a stream’s channel |
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Term
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Definition
| a reach of stream containing many meanders (snake-like curves) |
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Term
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Definition
| a sediment-choked stream consisting of entwined subchannels |
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Definition
| streams made of rocks still attached to the Earth’s crust |
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Term
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Definition
| stream channels cut down through resistant rock, can end up with channels having a shape based on rocks that are now eroded away |
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Term
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Definition
| topography comes up around stream, which can erode at the same rate |
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Term
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Definition
| chaotic twisting and swirling motion in flowing fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between the layers |
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Term
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Definition
| large particles, such as sand, pebbles, or cobbles that bounce or roll across a stream bed |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny solid grains carried along by a stream without settling to the floor of the channel |
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Term
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Definition
| ions dissolved in a stream’s water |
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Term
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Definition
| sediments transported and deposited by streams |
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Term
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Definition
| sediment transported by flowing water that is dropped when there is a sudden loss in water capacity, reduction in velocity |
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Term
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Definition
| an event during which the volume of water in a stream becomes so great that is covers areas outside the stream’s normal channel |
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Term
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Definition
| a location at the base of the lithosphere, at the top of a mantle plume, where temperatures can cause melting |
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Term
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Definition
| the gradual widening of an ocean basin as new oceanic crust forms at a mid-ocean ridge axis and then moves away from the axis |
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Term
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Definition
| an isolated submarine mountain |
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Term
| Carbonate Compensation Depth |
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Definition
| line below which CaCO3 dissolves |
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Term
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Definition
| driven mainly by wind and modified by the corriolis effect |
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Term
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Definition
| driven mainly by gravity and the corriolis effect |
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Term
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Definition
| subcircular current systems, in which water flows in a circular pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| the force due to Earth’s rotation about the center of the Earth-Moon system |
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Term
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Definition
| Sun, Moon, & Earth are aligned (highest, high tides) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sun & Moon form 90 degree angle with the Earth (lowest, high tides) |
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Term
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Definition
| a deposit of sand and gravel at the edge of the swash zone |
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Term
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Definition
| the upward surge of water that flows up a beach slope when breakers crash onto the shore |
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Term
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Definition
| a platform of rock, cut by wave erosion, at the low-tide line that was left behind a retreating cliff |
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Term
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Definition
| a platform of rock, cut by wave erosion, at the low-tide line that was left behind a retreating cliff |
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Term
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Definition
| a notch in a coastal cliff cut out by wave erosion |
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Term
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Definition
| a coastal cliff that is cut by wave erosion |
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Term
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Definition
| subsurface water that occurs below the water table within geologic formations that are saturated (pore spaces filled). This is not the same as soil moisture - there is often water trapped between grains of soil, but generally it will not flow to a well (held by capillary forces) |
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Term
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Definition
| water passing through ground surface |
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Term
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Definition
| water reaching the water table, level of water than can be produced from wells |
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Term
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Definition
| the volume fraction of open spaces in a rock or soil |
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Term
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Definition
| ease of ground water flow |
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Term
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Definition
geologic unit that is completely saturated by water, that stores and transmits water in usable
quantities |
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Term
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Definition
geological unit with much lower transmissive properties than surrounding
formation (aquiclude versus aquitard) |
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Term
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Definition
| sediment or rock that transmits no water |
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Term
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Definition
| sediment or rock that does not transmit water easily and therefore retards the motion of the water |
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Term
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Definition
| one in which the upper surface of the aquifer is defined by the water table |
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Term
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Definition
| an aquifer of limited lateral and vertical extent that is underlain by a confining layer |
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Term
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Definition
one in which the level to which water in the aquifer would rise in a pipe,
emplaced in the ground and open at the bottom, is higher than where the top of the aquifer meets the overlying confining layer |
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Term
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Definition
a region above the water table that is also saturated, but within this zone
water is held in place by suction |
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Term
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Definition
| the region above the saturated zone |
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Term
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Definition
| elevation of water table that tells you how much energy is available to drive flow |
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Term
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Definition
| the abrupt rise or fall of air, without gaining or losing heat |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| short-term conditions, wind speed, temperature, humidity, precipitation, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| long-term conditions, seasonality, variability, average conditions, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| the reflectivity of an object |
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Term
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Definition
| seasonal reversals in winds, leading to very wet and very dry seasons |
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Term
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Definition
| trade winds die, water moves back to east, gets very warm offshore west US and SA, little or no upwelling |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
streams or sheets of recrystallized ice/snow that last through warm season, move under the
influence of gravity |
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Term
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Definition
found in or near mountains, shape controlled by mountain topography,
flow from high elevation to low elevation |
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Term
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Definition
| cover vast expanses of continental areas, flow outward toward margins |
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Term
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Definition
| most ice is close to melting, moves mainly by sliding at the bed |
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Term
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Definition
ice is well below melting point, frozen to underlying ground under most of
the glacier, move mainly by internal deformation |
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Term
| Three Conditions For Glacier Formation |
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Definition
(1) local climate must be cold
(2) enough snowfall for accumulation
(3) gentle enough slope to avoid removal by sliding |
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Term
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Definition
| rocks that are out of place, carried by glaciers |
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Term
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Definition
| the abrupt release of energy due to slipping of rock masses (usually along a fault), leading to shaking of the ground |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of the amount of energy released |
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Term
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Definition
| reversible. release the stress and the strain vanishes. |
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Term
| Ductile and Brittle Strains |
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Definition
not reversible. release the stress and strain stops accumulating, but the
rock does not return to its original shape. |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller earthquakes that follow any large earthquake |
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Term
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Definition
(1) P-waves (primary, primus, "push")
(2) S-waves (secondary, "side-to-side", slower) |
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Term
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Definition
(1) Rayleigh waves - up and down (kind of like waves on the ocean)
(2) Love waves - side to side |
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Term
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Definition
a wave that propagates as a series of compressional and expansional vibrations is known as a compressional
wave |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of how difficult a solid (or fluid) is to compress |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of how difficult a solid is to shear |
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Term
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Definition
| shear waves. travel slower than P waves and arrive later. |
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Term
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Definition
seismic surface waves
propagate only along the surface of the planet, they do not pass through the planet |
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Term
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Definition
| create vibrations somewhat like those of S waves. makes rocks near the surface vibrate horizontally back and forth perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation |
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Term
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Definition
| create vibrations that trace out circular paths aligned with wave propagation. resemble ocean waves with one major exception: the orbits rotate in the opposite direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| lots of little, shallow earthquakes |
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Term
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Definition
| strike slip, somewhat larger, rarer earthquakes, also generally shallow, sometimes intermediate |
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Term
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Definition
| complex, many kinds of earthquakes normal faults, shallow quakes where plate is flexed |
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Term
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Definition
sensitive instruments designed to record the vibratory motion (strains) of passing
seismic waves |
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Term
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Definition
| long-wave radiation becomes trapped within Earth's atmosphere, helping to increase the heat stored |
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