Observations are facts derived from the environment by using the five senses.

(Example on back)

In inferences are conclusions or predictions based on your observations.

(Example on the back)

Your senses can be extended (made more precise) by using instruments.

(Example on the back)

Mass

The amount of _______ in an object.

Mass

The amount of matter in an object.

Volume 

The amount of _______ an object occupies.

Volume

The amount of space an object occupies.

As the pressure increases, the density of a substance will __________. 

Choices:  decrease, increase

As the pressure increases, the density of a

 substance will increase.

As the temperature increases,

the density will ___________.

Choices:  increase, decrease

As the temperature increases,

the density will decrease.

Most subtances are densest as a ________. 

Choices:  solid, liquid, gas

Objects more dense than water ________, 

Objects less dense that water _________.

 Choices:  float, sink

Objects more dense than water sink, 

Objects less dense that water float.

The equatorial diameter is __________ than the polar diameter.

 Choices:  less, greater

A person would weigh slightly _________ at the poles because he/she is __________ to the center of the Earth. 

Choices:  less, more

             closer, further

The best model of the Earth's shape is a sphere (ping-pong ball).

Evidence for a round earth.

(List four)

1. photos from space (best)
2. ships disappear slowly over the horizon
3. Earth's shadow on the moon is curved (lunar eclipse)
4. Polaris = latitude, gravity measurements are difference.

The altitude of Polaris (North Star) above the horizon is the same as the observer's _________________. 

Choices:  latitude, longitude

The altitude of Polaris (North Star) above the horizon is the same as the observer's

latitude.

Polaris is located above the Earth's northern

axis of rotation.

You can only see Polaris in the ___________ hempisphere.

Always need to look _____ to see Polaris.

Choices:  northern, southern

             north, south

You can only see Polaris in the northern hempisphere.

 Always need to look north to see Polaris.

As a person's latitude increases, the altitude of Polaris _________.

Choices:  decreases, increases

As a person's latitude increases, the altitude of Polaris increases.

If you're 90°N, then Polaris is  _______ degrees above the horizon.

If you're at 0°, then Polaris is  ____ degrees.

If you're 90°N, then Polaris is 90 degrees above the horizon. 

If you're at 0°, then Polaris is  0  degrees.

_________ lines run left to right (horizontal) but measure distances ______ and _____. 

Choice:  latitude, longitude

            (describe direction)

_________ lines run up and down(vertical) but measure distances ______ and _____ of the Prime Meridian.

Choice:  latitude, longitude

           (describe direction)

If you travel west, time becomes less.

 If you travel east, time will increase.

The closer the isolines (contour, isobar, isotherm) the _________ the slope (gradient). 

Choices:  lesser (shallower)

             greater (steeper)

The closer the isolines (contour, isobar, isotherm) the greater the slope (gradient).

Definition

The elevation increase between two contour lines  Ocean/sea level = 0

Streams alway flow from ______ to ______ elevation. 

Choices:  low, high

Hydrosphere = water (oceans)

 Lithosphere = crust (continental/oceanic)

 Atmosphere = Layers of gasses

Apparent diameter of objects (sun, moon) gets larger when ______ to the earth. 

Choices:  farther, closer

Apparent diameter of objects (sun, moon)gets larger when closer to the earth.

Light from distant galaxies show a shift to the ______ end of the visible spectrum, which is evidence that the univers is __________. 

Choices:  colors of spectrum

             collapsing or expanding

Our sun is a medium size (Main Sequence) star in the galaxy called the Milky Way.

Most stars spend a majority of their life as an average ________ __________ star.

(ESRT p 15)

Most stars spend a majority of their life as an average main sequence star.

Stars get their energy from ______ ______.

(4 hydrogen into 1 helium)

The inner Terrestrial (rocky) planets are composed of _______ _______ and have ______ average density. 

Choices:  none

             low or high

The inner Terrestrial (rocky) planets are composed of solid rock and have high average density.

The outer Jovian (gaseous) planets are composed of ________ and have ______ average density. 

 Choices:  No choice

              low or high

The outer Jovian (gaseous) planets are

 composed of gas and have low average density.

Stars like the Sun appear to move at 15° 

per hour because the earth rotates 15 degrees per hour.

The only star that does not appear to move is Polaris because it is located directly

above the Earth's axis of rotation.

All celestial objects appear to move from _______ to _______. 

Choices:  east, west, north, south

Earth's season are caused by:  (3 reasons)

1. ________________________

2. ________________________

3. ________________________

Earth's season are caused by:

1.  Earth's revolution around the sun.

2.  Tilt of the Earth's axis

3.  Constant direction of the Earth's axis.

Summer solstice is on ________ (date)

The _______ hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun.

The direct rays of the sun hit the tropic of _______.

Sun rise is _____ of east, and sunset is _____ of west.

Summer solstice is on June 21. 

The Northern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun.  The direct rays of the sun hit the tropic of Cancer.  Sun rise is north of east, and sunset is north of west.

Winter solstice is on _________ (date)

The _______ hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun.

The direct rays of the sun hit the tropic of _______.

Sun rise is _____ of east, and sunset is _____ of west.

Winter solstice is on December 21 

The Southern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun.

The direct rays of the sun hit the tropic of Capricorn.

Sun rise is south of east, and sunset is south of west.

Equinoxes are ______ and _____ (dates)

The direct rays of the sun hit the  ____.

Sun rise is _____ , and sunset is _____.

Equinoxes are March 21 and September 23 

The direct rays of the sun hit the  Equator.

Sun rise is due East, and sunset is due West.

Duration of insulation =  12  hours on the equinox

The three important locations that receive the direct/perpendicular rays of the sun are

1.

2.

3.

The three important locations that receive the direct/perpendicular rays of the sun are

1.  Tropic of Cancer, 23.5°N

2.  Equator, 0°

3.  Tropic of Capricorn, 23.5°S

The maximum duration of insolation

is  24  hours.

As the sun's angle of insolation increases, the sun's intensity _________. 

Choices:  increases, decreases

As the sun's angle of insolation increases, the sun's intensity increases.

The equator always has  12  hours of daylight.

The higher the altitude of the sun, the _______ the shadow. 

Choices:  shorter, longer

Shadows are the longest at ______ or ______ (time of day).

Shadows are the shortest at ______ (time of day)

Shadows are the longest at

 sunrise or sunset  

Shadows are the shortest at noon.

Noon shadows are the shortest in NY on ________ (date).

Noon shadows are the longest in NY on _________ (date).

Noon shadows are the shortest in NY on June 21. 

Noon shadows are the longest in NY on December 21.

In NY, an observer must always look 

south to see the sun at noon.

The sun is ______ at an observer's

zenith in NY. 

Choices:  always, sometimes, never

[image]

The sun is never at an observer's

zenith in NY.

Winds, ocean currents and anything else moving across Earth are deflected (curved) because of the Coriolis Effect.

Focault's pendulum and Coriolis Effect is evidence that the Earth _________. 

Choices:  rotates, revolves

Changing seasons and constellations are evidence that the Earth ______.

Choices:  rotates, revolves

The Earth is closer to the sun during the

Winter season.

Preihelion:

Earth is _______ to/from the sun. 

Choices:  away, closest

Preihelion:

Earth is closest to the sun.

Aphelion:

Earth is _______ to/from the sun.

Choices:  away, closest

Aphelion:

Earth is away from the sun.

The closer a planet is to the sun, the ______ its velocity as it orbits 

Choices:  slower, faster

The closer a planet is to the sun, the

faster its velocity as it orbits.

The closer a planet is to the sun, the ______ the gravitational attraction.

Choices:  weaker, stronger

The closer a planet is to the sun, the

stronger the gravitational attraction.

Tides are caused by the _____

gravitational attraction.

Tides are caused by the moon's

gravitational attraction.

There are _____ (#) high tides and

____ (#) low tides per day

(12.5 hours apart) - a cyclic pattern.

There are  2  (#) high tides and

 2  (#) low tides per day

(12.5 hours apart) - a cyclic pattern.

Our solar system is located 3/4 the way down one of the spiral arms of our galaxy, whose name is Milky Way.

A galaxy is a cluster of 100-200 billion stars.

The following is in ________ size and age order:

Universe, Galaxy, Solar System, Earth 

Choice:  increasing, decreasing

The following is in decreasing size and age order:

Universe, Galaxy, Solar System, Earth

Geocentric model is earth centered.  Everything revolves around the Earth.

The farther from the Sun the ______ the orbital path 

Choices:  slower, faster

As the distance between foci increases, the eccentricity _______.

Choices:  increases (closer to 1)

             decreases (farther from 1)

As the distance between foci increases, the eccentricity increases (closer to 1).

The closer the eccentricity is to 0, the more ________ the orbit is. 

The closer the eccentricity is to 1, the more ________ the orbit is.

The closer the eccentricity is to 0, the more

circular (close to 0) the orbit is. 

The closer the eccentricity is to 1, the more elliptical (close to 1) the orbit is.

The earth's orbit is extremely round, almost perfect, but it is slightly elliptical.

(See ESRT p. 15)

The color _____ absorbs energy. 

The color ______ reflects energy.

The color black absorbs energy.

The color white reflects energy.

_______ transfers energy by direct contact (molecules collide).

Choices:  Conduction, Convection

Convection:

Heat transfers due to ______ differences.

(gases and liquids)

Convection:

Heat transfers due to density differences.

(gases and liquids)

[image] 

When air is heated it becomes ______ dense and ______. 

Choices:  less, more

             sinks, rises

Radiation - transfer on energy in the form of electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic energy is categorized

based on ______________

(p. 14 ESRT)

Electromagnetic energy is categorized

based on wavelength.

The portion of the sun's electromagnetic energy that reaches the Earth's surface

with the maximum intensity is

__________ __________.

The portion of the sun's electromagnetic energy that reaches the Earth's surface

with the maximum intensity is

visiblelight.

 [image]

The ozone is found in the stratosphere

layer of the atmosphere and absorbs harmful rays known as ultra violet.

When electromagentic waves are bent due to density differences it is called

refraction.

As the amount of aerosols in the atmosphere increases, the amount of the insolation reaching the earth __________.

Choices:  increases, decreases

As the amount of aerosols in the atmosphere increases, the amount of the insolation reaching the earth decreases.

Earth received mainly short wave

ultraviolet energy during the day and later reradiates this enrgey back into space as infrared energy waves,

Infrared heat energy is absorbed by two gases _________ and ___________

(green house gases)

As the amount of carbon dioxide increases, the temperature of the Earth __________. 

Choices:  increases, decreases

As the amount of carbon dioxide increases, the temperature of the Earth increases.

Objects radiate the most amount of energy when their temperatures are _______. 

Choices:  low, high

Energy moves from the source to sink,

or from ______ to _______.

Choices:  low to high

              high to low

Energy moves from the source to sink,

or from high to low.

Most of the energy that drives surface process come from the sun.

potential energy is stored energy

or "energy of position".

There is NO _____________ change

during a phase change.

There is NO temperature change

during a phase change.

 [image]

Use the ESRT to see which process release energy and which processes gain energy.

(Front Page)

_________ is heat energy that is

re-radiated by the earth.

infrared is heat energy that is

re-radiated by the earth.

Land heats up _____ than liquid water because it has a _________ specific heat. 

Choices:  slower or faster

              lower or higher

The higher the specific heat, the ______

it takes to heat up and cool down. 

Choices:  slower, faster

The higher the specific heat, the slower 

it takes to heat up and cool down.

The hottest time of the year is July/August which is after the angle of insolation.

As altitude increases, air pressure _______. 

Choices:  decreases, increases

As altitude increases, air pressure decreases.

As altitude increases, the amount of water vapor _________.

Choices:  decreases, increases

As altitude increases, the amount of water vapor decreases.

The greatest amount of water vapor is found in the troposphere.

The greatest atmospheric pressure

occurs in the troposphere.

As temperature increases, density of air __________.

Choices:  decreases, increases

As temperature increases, density of air decreases.

As temperature increases, air pressure __________.

Choices: decreases, increases

As temperature increases, air pressure decreases.

As moisture content increases (humidity),

air pressure __________. 

Choices: decreases, increases

As moisture content increases (humidity),

air pressure decreases.

As temperature increases, the moisture holding capacity of the air ________. 

Choices: decreases, increases

As temperature increases, the moisture holding capacity of the air increases.

High pressure systems are associated with ________ weather conditions. 

Choices:  rainy, fair

High pressure systems are associated with fair weather conditions.

Low pressure systems are associated with ________ weather conditions. 

Choices: rainy, fair

Low pressure systems are associated with rainy weather conditions.

In low pressure systems, lows blow ________ and _________. 

Choices:  inward, outward

              clockwise, counterclockwise

In low pressure systems, lows blow inward and counterclockwise.

Remember:  LICC

In high pressure systems, winds blow ________ and _________. 

Choices: inward, outward

             clockwise, counterclockwise

In high pressure systems, winds blow outward and clockwise.

 Remember:  HOC

At the center of a low pressure center, air ______ and _______. 

Choices:  sinks, rises

              converges, diverges

At the center of a low pressure center, air rises and converges.

Remember:  Low - CO

At the center of a high pressure center, air ______ and _______. 

Choices: sinks, rises

converges, diverges

At the center of a high pressure center, air sinks and diverges.

Remember:  High - DI

The highest pressure is _____ and ______.

Air pressure is lowest when it is ______ and ________.

Choices:  cool, warm

              dry, wet

The highest pressure is cool and dry.

Air pressure is lowest when it is warm and wet.

Winds blow due to difference in air pressure.

The more closely spaced the isobars the ________ the wind speed. 

Choices:  slower, faster 

Winds blow from regions of _______ to ______ pressure. 

Choices:  low to high

              high to low

Winds are named for the direction they are ____________. 

Choices:  heading to

             coming from

Winds are named for the direction they are coming from.

Picture of Cold front or Warm front?

[image]

Cold Front

(visual)

Cold front or Warm front?

[image]

Warm Front

(visual)

Fronts are associated with ______ pressure.  Clouds and precipitation. 

Choices:  low, high

Fronts are associated with low pressure.  Clouds and precipitation.

When warm air rises, it _______, _______, and __________. 

Choices:  contracts, expands

              cools, warms

              condenses, evaporates

When warm air rises, it expands, cools, and condenses.

RECC

In order for clouds to form, the air needs to be saturated and condensation nuclei

must be available.

The mT air mass that affects NY's weather is _______ and _______ and forms over the ________________. 

Choices:  dry, moist

             warm, cold

             location?

cP air masses are _______ and _______ and form over ___________. 

Choices: dry, moist

            warm, cold

            location? 

Saturation

When the air is holding the __________ amount of water it can hold.

Choices:  minimum, maximum

Saturation

When the air is holding the

maximum amount of water it can hold.

Dew Point Temperature

Temperature at which __________ occurs (air is saturated).

Dew Point Temperature

Temperature at which condensation occurs.

When the air temperature equals the dew point temperature, relative humidity is

mass.

When the air temperature approaches

the dew point temperature,

relative humidity is ________%

When the air temperature approaches

the dew point temperature,

relative humidity is  100 %

Precipitation ________ pollution and ________ atmospheric transparency. 

Choices:  decreases, increases

Dry, hot, and windy conditions

_________ the rate of evaporation.

Choices:  decreases, increases

Dry, hot, and windy conditions

increases the rate of evaporation.

Tornadoes

(3 facts)

Tornadoes

1.  short lived (a minute or less)

2.  small in size

3.  get in the basement

Hurricanes

(6 facts)

1.  low pressure systems

2.  lasts days

3.  very large

4.  high winds

5.  evacuate

6.  stockpile food/water/batteries

The rate of evaporation increases when surface area _______. 

Choices:  decreases, increases

As particle size increases, permeability ________. 

Choices:  decreases, increases

As particle size increases, permeability increases.

________ particles retain the most water after infiltration.

Choices:  smallest, largest

smallest particles retain the most water after infiltration.

As the slope of the land increases, runoff ________. 

Choice:  decreases, increases 

As the slope of the land increases, runoff increases.

Runoff ______ when a surface in impermeable, saturated, steeply sloped. 

Choice:  decreases, increases 

Runoff increases when a surface in impermeable, saturated, steeply sloped.

In order for infiltration to occur, the ground needs to be ________ and _________. 

Choices:  saturated, unsaturated

              permeable, impermeable

In order for infiltration to occur, the ground needs to be unsaturated and permeable.

If the rate of precipitation is greater than the rate of infiltration, runoff will occur.

Capillarity (movement of water upward against gravity) increases when particle size _______. 

Choices:  decreases, increases

Capillarity increases when particle size decreases.

Large bodies of water

moderate temperatures.

During the day there is a _____ breeze.

At night a ______ breeze develops. 

Choices:  land, sea

During the day there is a sea breeze.

At night a land breeze develops.

Continental climates:

______ temperature range.

Cooler _______ and warmer ______.

large temperature range.

Cooler winters and warmer summers.

Marine climates:

______ temperature range

cooler ______ and warmer ______. 

Choices:  small, large

             summers, winters

small temperature range

cooler summers and warmer winters.

The windward side of a mountain is _____ and _____. 

The leeward side is _____ and _______.

Choices:  cool, warm

             dry, wet

The windward side of a mountain is cool and wet.

The leeward side is warm and dry.

Label the diagram, what happens to the air as it rises and sinks on either side?

[image]

As latitutude increases, temperature _________.

Choices:  decreases, increases

As latitutude increases, temperature decreases.

As elevation increases, temperature ________. 

Choices:  decreases, increases

Heavy-dense-round particles settle _____ in water. 

Choices:  first, last

Graded bedding (vertical sorting) _______ sediments are on the bottom.

Choices:  small, large

Glacial sediments are ______, scratched and form ____ - shaped valleys. 

Choices:  sorted, unsorted

             letter (shaped)

Stream deposits are ______, round, and form _____ - shaped valleys. 

Choices:  sorted, unsorted

             letter (shaped)

Rocks are clasified based on origin (how they are formed).

Vesicular texture - gas pockets (porous). 

An example would be the rock ______.

When an igneous rock cools fast, _____ crystals form. 

Choices:  small, large

When an igneous rock cools fast, small crystals form.

When an igneous rock cools slowly, ______ crystals form. 

Choices:  small, large

Intrusive = ______ ground 

Choices:  below, above

Extrusive - ______ ground 

Choices:  above, below

Extrusive - above ground

Mafic rocks are ______ colored with a _____ density. 

Choices:  light, dark

             low, high

Felsic rocks are ______ colored with a _____ density. 

Choices:  light, dark

             low, high

metamorphic rocks may be foliated.

Key words for metamorphic rocks are:

(3 words)

foliation

re-crystallize

distorted structure

The most common mineral is quartz (composed of silicon and oxygen).

Cleavage

the tendency for a mineral to break along _______, ______ surfaces.

Cleavage

the tendency for a mineral to break along smooth, flat surfaces.

Hardness

the ________ to being ________

Hardness

the resistence to being scratched

Weathering

break down of rocks at the earth's surface into ________.

Weathering

break down of rocks at the earth's surface into sediments.

Chemical weathering dominates in ______ and ______ climates.

Choices:  cold, wam

              dry, wet

Physical weathering dominates in ______ and ______ climates.

Choices:  cold, wam

              dry, wet

Physical weathering dominates in cold and wet climates. 

(good for frost wedging)

As the particle size decreases, the rate of weathering will _______. 

Choice:  decrease, increase

As the particle size decreases, the rate of weathering will increase.

When particles are broken into smaller pieces, the surface area ______. 

Choices:  decreases, increases

Sediments are classified based on their ______ ______

(i.e. 0.02 cm particles are sand)

Sediments are classified based on their

particle size

(i.e. 0.02 cm particles are sand)

As the velocity increases, the size of the sediments a stream can transport ______. 

Choices:  decreases, increases

As the slope/gradient of a stream increases, the size of the sediments a stream can transport ______. 

Choices: decreases, increases

As the slope/gradient of a stream increases, the size of the sediments a stream can transport increases.

As the discharge (an amount of water in a stream) increases, velocity will ______. 

Choices: decrease, increase

The velocity of a stream is greatest on the ______  (point) of a meander (bend).

[image] 

Choices:  inside, outside

The velocity of a stream is greatest on the outside (point C) of a meander (bend).

[image]

Erosion occurs on the _____ of a meander (bend) where the velocity is ______.

 [image]

Choices: inside, outside

             slow, fast

Erosion occurs on the outside (point C) of a meander (bend) where the velocity is fast.

[image]

Deposition occurs on the _______ of a meander (bend) where the velocity is ______.

Choices: inside, outside

             slow, fast

Deposition occurs on the inside of a

meander (bend) where the velocity is slow.

Sediments deposited by glaciers are

unsorted, (all mixed up in size and shape).

Glaciers erode in a "U"- shaped valley.

Wind deposits consist of:

fine, grained, well sorted particles (sand)

particles exhibit a pitted/frosted appearance

cross-bedded layers

Residual soil

developed from the bedrock below it, ____ mineral composition as the bedrock below it

Choices:  same, different 

Transported soil

transported from another location; ____ mineral composition than the bedrock below it.

Choices: same, different

the puzzle-like appearance of the continents (S. America, Africa)

South America and Africa have the same:  fossils, rock layers, climactic evidence (i.e. glacier in Africa)

Mid-Ocean ridges (spreading center) are areas where newcrust is being created

as tectonic plates move apart.

[image]

________ Plate Boundary

 Two plates move apart

Divergent Plate Boundary 

Two plates move apart

________ Plate Boundary 

Two plates move towards one another

Convergent Plate Boundary

Two plates move towards one another

Proof of sea floor spreading

The age of the ocean floor is ______ at the mid ocean ridges and gets _____ as you move away in either direction.

There is also a matching pattern of the earth's _______ polarity on either side of the ridge.

Ocean floor is younger at the mid ocean ridges and gets older as you move away

Matching pattern of the earth's magnetic polarity on either side

[image]

____ ______ are not associated with plate boundaries;  magma burns through plate =

a series of islands (ex:  Hawaii)

Hotspots are not associated with

plate boundaries;  magma burns through plate = a series of islands (ex:  Hawaii)

When a continental plate collides with an oceanic plate, the _____ plate subducts because it is ______ dense. 

Choices:  continental, oceanic

             less, more

When a continental plate collides with an oceanic plate, the oceanic plate subducts because it is more dense.

[image]

_______ Boundary

Plates slide past each other

(ex:  San Andreas Fault)

Transform Boundary

Plates slide past each other

(ex:  San Andreas Fault)

P-waves travel ______ than S-waves. 

Choices:  slower, faster

P-waves travel through _____ and ______, but S-waves travel though _____ only. 

Choices:  liquids, solids

We can infer that the outer core is liquid because  S  - waves cannot penetrate it.

liquid

S

As the distance from the epicenter increases, the time lag between the P and S wave ________. 

Choices:  decreases, increases

You need ______ seismic stations to plot an epicenter of an earthquake. 

Choice:  number

Undisturbed strata

bottom layer is _____, top layer is ______. 

Choices:  youngest, oldest

Intrusions in faults are _______ than the rock they affect. 

Choices:  younger, older

An arid landscape has ______ slopes with _____ angles. 

Choices:  gentle, steep

               low, high

A humid landscape has ______ slopes with _____ angles. 

Choices:  gentle, steep

               low, high

Stream Drainage patterns

______ patterns for MTs; dendritic pattern for _______;  plateaus have a rectangular or ____ pattern

[image]

Uranium-238 dates ____ rocks.

Choices:  old, new

The half-life of a radioactive element ______ be changed. 

Choices:  can, cannot

Half life never changes.

NO MATTER WHAT!

Radioactive elements decay forever!

In general, life has evolved from

the ______ to the ____ ______.

In general, life has evolved from

the simple to the more complex.