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| scientific study of the earth and the universe around it |
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| process of using the sense of sight, touch, taste hearing and smell to gather info about the world |
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| factors in an expiriment thats deliberatlely manipulated |
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| variables that change as a result of a change in independent variable |
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| a description, representation, or imitation of an object, system process of concept |
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| anthing that takes up space |
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| can't be broken down into simpler substances |
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| smallest unit of an element |
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| subantomic particle with a positve charge |
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| subatomic partical with a negative charge |
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| subatomic particle with no charge in the nucleus of an atom |
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| atrom that has the same number of protons as the other atoms of the same element |
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| 2 or more elements bonded in a set porportion |
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| group of atoms that are held together by chemcial forces |
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| particle that carries a charge |
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| attractive force between oppositvley charged ions |
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| bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
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| combination of 1 or more substances that aren't chemically combined |
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| rock formed from cooling and solidification of magma beneath earth's surface |
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| rock that forms from cooling and solidification of lava |
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| rock forms from magma that contains large amount of silica |
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| rock that forms from magma that contains less amount of silica |
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| any circle that runs east and west around earth parallel to the equator |
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| angular distance north or south of the equator |
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| angular distance east or west of the prime meridian |
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| a semicircle that runs north and south |
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| angle between the direction of the geographic pole and the direction in which the compass needle points |
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| gathering and analyzing information about an object without being in touch with it |
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| flat map that represents a spherical surface |
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| list of map symbols and their meanings |
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| the relationship between the distance shown on a map and the actual distance |
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| a line on a map that represents a constant or equal value of a given quatity |
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| size and shape of the land surface features of a region |
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| height of an object above sea level |
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| line that connects pooints of equal elevation on a map |
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| difference between the highest and lowest elevations in a given area |
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| group that serves as a standard of comparison with another group to which the control group is identical except for one factor |
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| the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
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| unit of the mass of a subatomic particle thats too small to be expressed in grams |
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| where electrons of an atom move |
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| natural, usually inorganic solid that has a characteristic chemical composition, an orderly internal structure, and a characteristic set of physical properties |
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| mineral that contains a combination of silicon, and oxegen |
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| a mineral that doesnt contain silicon or oxegen |
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| solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a repeating pattern |
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| silicon-oxygen tetrahedron |
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| basic unit of the structure of silicate minerals |
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| person who examines, analzes, and classifies minerals |
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| color of a mineral in powedered form |
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| way in which a mineral reflects light |
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| tendency of a mineral to split along specific planes of weaknes smooth flat surfaces |
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| manner in which a mineral breaks along either curved or irregular surfaces |
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| standard scale against which the hardness of minerals is rated |
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| tatio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance |
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| ability to glow under ultraviolet light |
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| minerals that continue to glow after ultraviolet light is turned off when subjected to ultraviolet light |
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| minerals that display a silky appearance in reflected light |
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| a six-sided star shape appears when a mineral reflects light |
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| unstable nelei decay over time into stable nuclei by releasing particles and energy |
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| series of changes in which rock forms, changes from one type to another |
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| rock that forms when magmas cools and solidifies |
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| rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma beneath the earth's surface |
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| sediments are glued together |
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| chemical sedimentary rock |
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| sed. rock that forms from minerals that were once dissolved in water |
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| sed. rock that forms from remains of plants and animals |
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| sed. rock that forms when fragments of preexisting rocks are compacted or cemented together |
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| process by heat, pressure, or chemical processes that changes type of rock to another |
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| change in texture, sturcture or chemical compostition of rock due to contacts with magma |
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| type of metamorphism that occurs over a large area |
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| met. rock texture in which mineral grains are arranged in planes or bands |
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| rocks that don't have bands or alligned minerals |
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| bending, tilting and breaking of earth's crust |
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| hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations |
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| sudden return of elasticelly deformed rock to its undeformed shape |
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| long undersea mountain chain that has a steep, narrow, valley at its center |
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| process by which new ocean lithosphere forms as magma rises to earth's surface and solidifies at a mid-ocean ridge |
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| location within the earth along fault at which the first motion of an earthquake occurs. |
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| study of the magnetic properties of rocks |
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| large pieces of the lithospher move and change shape |
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| point on earths surface directly above an earthquakes starting point, or focus. |
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| outer layer of earth that consists of the crust and the ridgid upper part of the mantle |
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| plastic layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere |
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| waves that travel through the body of a medium. |
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| seismic wave that travels along the surface of a medium than through the middle. |
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| condition of gravitational and buoyant equilibrium between earth's litosphere and astenosphere |
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| movement of heated material due to differences in density that are caused by differences in temperatures |
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| primary or compression waves fastest seismic waves |
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| as cooling rock sinks, the asthenospher below it exerts force on the rest of the plate |
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| leading edge of the subducting plate pulls the rest of the subducting plate into the asthenosphere |
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seccondary or shear wave, seismic wave that causes particles of rock to move in a side to side direction. |
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| area on earths surface where no direct seismic waves from a particular earthquake can be detected |
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| amount of force per unit area that acts on a rock |
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| any change in a rock's shape or volume caused by stress |
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| bend in rock layers from stress |
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| region of numerous, closely spaced faults |
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| break along which the surronding rock moves |
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| series of moutains that are closely related in oreintation, age, and mode of formation |
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| seismograph instrument that records vibration in the earth |
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| mountain that forms where faults break earth's crust in large blocks and some blocks drop down relative to other blocks |
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| circular structure made of rock layers that slope gently away from a central point |
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| measure of the strength of an earthquake |
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| moutains that form when magma erupts onto earth's surface |
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| giant ocean wave that forms after a volcanic eruption submarine, earthquake or landslide. |
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| measurement of earthquake strength based on the size of the area of the fault that moves, average distance that the fault blocks move, and the rigidity of the rocks in the fault zone |
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| area along a fault where relativity few earthquakes have occured recently, but where strong earthquakes are known to have occured in the past |
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| phyrsical breakdown or chemical decomposition of rock material exposed at earths surface |
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| process by which the materials of earth's surface surface as loosened dissolved or worn away and transported from one place to another by wind, water, ice or gravity |
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| process by which water flows over a layer of soil and removes the topsoil |
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| movement of a large mass of sediemnt or a section of land down a slope |
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| slow, downslope flow of soil saturated with water in areas surronding glaciers at high elevations |
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| slow, downhill movement of weathered rock material |
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| slow, downslope flow of soil saturated with water in areas surronding glaciers at high elevations |
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| physical feature of earths surface |
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| fall of a rock from a steep cliff |
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| when masses of losse rock combined with soil suddenly fall down a slope |
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| rapid movement of a large amount of mud |
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| block of soil that slides along the curved slope of the surface |
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| when soil is plowed in curved bands that follow the contour,or shape, of the land |
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| crops are planted in alternating bands |
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| construction of steplike ridges that follow the contours of a sloped field |
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| when farmers plant one typeof crop one year and a different type the next |
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| continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, land and the oceans |
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| stream that flows into a lake or into a larger stream |
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| area of land thats drained by a river system |
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| materials other than water carried by a stream |
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| volume of water that flows within a given time |
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| change in elevation over a given distance |
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| one of the bends twist or curves in a low-gradient stream or river |
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| stream or river thats composed of multiple channels that divide and rejoin around sediment bars |
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| relatively narrow depression that a stream follows as it flows downhill |
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| triangular-shaped deposit that forms where the mouth of a stream enter a larger body of water |
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| fan-shaped mass of rock material deposited by a stream when the slope of the land decreases sharply |
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| area along a river that forms from sediments deposited when the river overflows its banks |
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| water thats beneath earth's surface |
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| body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater and allows the flow of it |
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| percentage of the total volume of a rock or sediment that consits of open spaces |
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| ability of a rock or sediment to let fluids pass through its pores, or open spaces. |
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| upper surface of underground water |
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| sloping layer of permeable rock sandwiched between two layers of impermeable rock and exposed at the surface |
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| when cracks occur naturally in the caprock water from the aquifer flows through the cracks |
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| layer of an aquifer in whihc the pore space is completely filled with water |
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| zone that lies between the water table and the earths surface |
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| large cave that may consist of many smaller connecting chambers |
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| circular depression that forms when rock dissolves, when sediment is removed, or when caves or mines collapse |
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| irregular topography caused by the chemical weathering of limestone or other soluble rock by groundwater |
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