• Inorganic
• Solid (or so book says)
• naturally occuring
• have a definite chemical composition

• cleavage
• color
• crystal form
• hardness

• Intrusive (cooled under ground)
• This magma does not turn to lava as it does not exit.
• Crystals are larger

Examples: Batholith, stock, sill, dike, laccolith

• Most common is granite (also mica, quartz etc.)
• Crystals are a pretty good size, cooled below the surface so intrusive
• Have a high silicon content
• There are two typs of Igneous rocks, Intrusive (Plutonic rocks such as Batholith, stock, sill, dike laccolith)  and extrusive (volcanic rocks which form when magma rises to the earth's surfice.) .

1. Identified based on composition and thickness.
2. Form horizontal layers or beds, youngest on top

Three types of sedimentary rock:

Clastic: Composed of rock and mineral fragments the most common type of sedimentary rocks. They are classified by grain size such as clay, silt, sand, and gravel.

Chemical sedimentary rocks: Form when minerals precipitate (crystallize) from a solution as a result of changing physical conditions (mainly due to evaporation.)
Biochemical: formed due to actions of living organisms that cause minerals to be extricated from solution or from the remains of dead organisms.

• Composed of rock and mineral fragments
• Clastic Sedimentary Rocks are the most common type of sedimentary rock.
• Examples: Mudstone, sandstone, conglomerate

• form when minerals precipitate (crystalize) from a solution as a result of changing physical conditions.

Solutions = fresh water of lakes, ground water, or sea water

Changing conditions commonly = increased temperatures which causes evaporation.

May form from the remains of dead organisms such as coquina -> limestone formed form broken shell fragments  or Coal ->carbon rich rock formed from compacted plant remains or chalk which is formed from billions of coccoliths round plates of calcite from microscopic clay sized coccolithophore organisms. (such as the white cliffs of dover.)

size of grain.

Example:

Mudstone and Shale: made of clay silt-sized grains.

Sandstone: composed of sand sized particles

Conglomerate: made of gravel and larger fragments

Is created under ground in the crust. With heat and pressure any rock can become metamorphic. This happens in the crust of the ground.

Contact Metamorphic rock: changes due to increases in temperature where rocks come in contact with heat source (such as the magma chamber)(Examples: Limestone and marble) 

Regional Metamorphism: Increased heat and pressure associated with plate tectonic processes that form mountains.

Metamorphic rock examples: Schist, Marble, Geneiss, Slate.

changes due to increases in temperature where rocks come in contact with heat source (e.g. magma chamber) Example: limestone around a magma chamber is baked by heat to form marble)

Increased heat and pressure associated with the plate tectonic processes that form mountains. If there is pressure that is pushing on the top and bottom then you have different crystals and get rocks with lines in them. So regional is all around, top, bottom, created by between heat and pressure.

is "which came first, or second. It does not come with specific numbers. The oldest layers are at the bottom. The layers of rock can get twisted or tilted. There is no absolute time, but there is relative time when dating rocks.

• Shield volcano: big and flat
• Cone volcanoe: can be peaked but wider than stratovolcano
• Strata Volcano: super peaked

by the fossils. The fossils are in the same order in the same type of rock regardless of what the rock cut looks like.

• a particle of the nucleus of an atom
• carries a positive charge
• Protons plus neutrons = mass number
• Number of protons = the atomic number

• is an particle of the nucleus
• It has a negative charge
• Protons plus neutrons equals the mass number.

are the same as the element they are named after but they have a different number of neutrons than protons. The parent isotopes are not stable but the daughters are. (They are broken down by radioactivity.)

is the period of time it takes for the amount of a substance undergoing decay to decrease by half.

older than sedimentary rock. The isotope clock didn't get reset when it got stuck together in the seminary rock.

states that the features on earth's surface were formed by the same slow processes that we see operating today. The problem is that not everything may have happened a the same rate. The present is a key to the past, true but the timing could have been much slower or faster than we think. (Such as EGW says there was a big wind after the flood which dried up the waters quickly.)

water enters cracks in the surface of rocks and roads. Temperature drops causes water to freeze and expand in the cracks forcing the cracks to widen.

the decomposition of rock due to chemical break down of minerals is called chemical weathering.

Dissolution: minerals in a rock are dissolve by water

Example:  = acid rain removes detail of a statue

Chitons (a type of mullusk) wears away at limestone.

Sea Urchins excavate holes in bedrock

• Ridge cut
• I-40
• Highway 64
• Jenkin's Road

Physical

Chemical

Biological

True or false...a shield volcanic mountain is made by magma that blasts out of the vent in large bombs, debris, ash thrown high in the air.

Gases, Tephra (boulders and ash) lateral blast, Laval, Pyroclastic flows (a fast moving current of super heated gas and and rock usually hugging the ground traveling at speeds up to 450 mph) , Lahar (a type of mud flow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rock debris and water typically along a river valley.)

• Intrusive (cools under the surface) and
• Extrusive (cools on the surface)

• Contact: cooking a piece of toast
• Regional: cooking an entire loaf of bread.

Radioactive decay

Protons (positively charged)repel each other. This repulsion is balanced by neutrons acting as a buffer but in some isotopes the repulsion is too great = unstable isotopes. An unstable nucleus may spontaneously change to a more stable form through radioactive decay. So radioactive decay releases energy (heat). The unstable original isotope is the parent and the stable new isotope is the daughter.

Dirt is composed of four things

• Geosphere:Regolith (rock and mineral fragments)
• Hydrosphere: Water
• Atmosphere: Air
• Biosphere: Organic Material

• 45 % mineral fragments
• 25% water
• 25% air
• 5% organic material

• Erosion strips away overlaying material
• Decrease in overlying pressure (load) causes underlying rock to expand upward
• Leads to pressure release cracks in the exposed rock.

• Water enters cracks in surface materials (rocks, roads)
• Temperature drop causes water to freeze, expand, and force the cracks to expand.
• Process repeats when the ice melts, water finds new cracks, freezes again and expands the cracks. Example: Potholes.

• Dissolution: Minerals in rock are dissolved by water. Example: Acid rain removes details of a statue.
• Hydrolysis: Hydrogen ions in water replace other ions in silicate minerals. Example: Feldspar reacts with water and Hydrogen ions to form clay with is usd in manufacturing glossy magazine paper.
• Oxidation: Oxygen reacts with iron and other metals to form new mineral compounds Example: the rust on your car.

• Macroscopic: by organisms we can see such as plant roots, animal burrows, termites
• Microscopic: By organisms we can't see with the naked eye. Primarily caused by decomposition of material that converts solid material to gases with or without water. Works mainly on organic material such as dead plant or animal matter.

• Tephra: particles blasted into the air by eruption such as volcanic bombs and ash found near and from from eruption source.
• Low viscosity lava can flow 50Km or more.(high viscosity stays closer by)
• Pyroclastic flow: dense cloud formed from combination of tephra and volcanic gases
• Lahar: mudflows formed when volcanic debris mixes with streams and melting ice and often confined to stream channels.