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| Zone of mantle beneath the lithosphere that consists of slowly flowing solid rock. |
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| Material that makes up landmasses. |
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| Hypothesis stating that the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations. |
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| Transfer of heat through the movement of heated material. |
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| Movement in a fluid caused by uneven heating. |
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| Border formed by the collision of two lithospheric plates. |
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| Boundary formed by two lithospheric plates that are moving apart. |
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| Chain of volcanic islands formed along an ocean trench. |
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| The outer shell of the earth consisting of the crust and the rigid upper mantle. |
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| Undersea mountain range with a steep, narrow valley along its center. |
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| System of undersea mountain ranges that wind around the earth. |
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| A deep valley in the ocean floor that forms along subduction zones. |
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| Material that makes up the ocean floor. |
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| Single landmass thought to have been the origin of all continents. |
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| Giant ocean surrounding Pangaea. |
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| Theory that the lithosphere is made up of plates that float on the asthenosphere and that the plates possibly are moved by convection currents. |
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| Steep, narrow valley formed as lithospheric plates separate. |
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| Movement of the ocean floor away from either side of a mid-ocean ridge. |
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| Region where one lithospheric plate moves under another. |
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| Piece of land with a geologic history distinct from that of the surrounding land. |
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| Theory of Microplate Terranes |
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Definition
| Theory that contients are a patchwork of pices of land that have individual geologic histories. |
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Definition
| Boundary formed where two lithospheric plates slide past each other. |
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| Upcurved fold in rock layers in which the oldest layer is the center of the fold. |
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| Stress that squeezes crustal rocks together. |
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Definition
| Bending, tilting, and breaking of the earth's crust. |
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| Landform created when molten rock pushes up rock layers on the earth's surface and the layers then are worn away in plcaes, leaving separate high peaks. |
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| Break in rock along which rocks on either side of the break move. |
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| Surface of a fault along which movement of rocks occurs. |
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| Mountain formed where faulting breaks the earth's crust into large blocks that become tilted, causing some blocks to drop down relative to other blocks. |
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Definition
| Landform created when tectonic movements bend and uplift rock layers. |
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| Permanent deformation or bending of a rock under stress. |
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Definition
| In a non-vertical fault, the rock below the fault in a plane. |
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| Break in rock along which there is no movement. |
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| Long, narrow valley formed by faulting and downward slippage of a crustal block. |
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Definition
| In a non-vertical fault, the rock above the fault plane. |
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Definition
| Balancing of the forces pressing up and down on the earth's crust. |
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Definition
| Up-and-down movements of the earth's crust to reach isostasy. |
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| A fold in rock layers in which both limbs remain horizontal. |
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| Group of large mountain systems. |
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| Group of adjacent mountains with the same general shape and structure. |
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| Group of adjacent mountain ranges. |
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| Fault in which the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall. |
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| Large area of flat-topped rocks high above sea level. |
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Definition
| Stress that pushes rocks in opposite horizontal directions. |
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| Change in shape and volume of rocks that occurs due to stress. |
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Definition
| The amount of force per unit area that is placed on a given material. |
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Definition
| Fault in which the rock on either side of a fault plane slides horizontally. |
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| Downcurved fold in rock layers in which the youngest layer is in the center. |
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| Stress that pulls rocks apart. |
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| Type of reverse fault in which the fault plane is nearly horizontal rather than vertical. |
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| Mountain formed when molten rock erupts onto the earth's surface. |
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Definition
| Tremor that follows and is smaller than a major earthquake. |
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Definition
| Vibration of the earth's crust. |
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Definition
| Theory that rocks that are strained past a certain point will fracture and spring back to their original shape. |
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Definition
| Point on the earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake. |
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| Group of interconnected faults. |
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| Area along a fault at which slippage first occurs, initiating an earthquake; one of two points within an ellipse that determines the shape of the figure. |
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Definition
| Amount of damage caused by an earthquake. |
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Definition
| A measure of the energy released by an earthquake; described as the amount of ground motion. |
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| Scale that expresses the intensity of an earthquake with a Roman numeral and a description. |
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Definition
| Earthquake with a magnitude less than 2.5 on the Richter scale. |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary wave; the fastest wave generated by an earthquake and the first to be recorded by a seismograph. |
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Definition
| Major earthquake zone that forms a ring around the Pacific Ocean. |
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Definition
| Secondary wave; a wave generated by an earthquake and the second to be recorded by a seismograph. |
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Definition
| Zone of rock in which a fault is locked and unable to move and in which no major earthquake has occurred for a long period of time. |
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Definition
| Instrument used to detect and record seismic waves. |
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Definition
| The slowest moving seismic wave generated by an earthquake and the last to be recorded by a seismograph. |
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Definition
| Giant ocean wave that often occurs after a major earthquake with an epicenter on the ocean floor. |
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Definition
| Jagged chunks of lava formed by rapid cooling on the surface of a lava flow. |
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Definition
| Large basin-shaped depression formed when an explosion destroys the upper part of a volcanic cone or when the magma chamber below a volcano is emptied during an eruption. |
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Definition
| Steep-sloped deposit of solid fragments ejected from a volcano. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also called stratovolcano; steep-sloped volcanic deposit with alternating layers of hardened lava flows and pyroclastic materials. |
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Definition
| Funnel-shaped pit at the top of a volcanic cone; bowl-shaped depression on the surface of a planetary body. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Crack in a rock surface through which lava flows. |
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Definition
| Area of volcanism within a lithospheric plate. |
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Definition
| Pyroclastic particles between 2 mm and 64 mm in diameter. |
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| Magma that reaches the earth's surface. |
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| Dark-colored lava rich in magnesium and iron. |
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Definition
| Liquid rock produced deep inside the earth. |
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Definition
| Solidified mafic lava with a wrinkled surface. |
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Definition
| Lava that flows out of fissures on the ocean floor and cools rapidly in rounded shapes. |
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Definition
| The rock fragments ejected from a volcano. |
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Definition
| Has a cone of hardened lava that forms a broad base and gentle slopes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also called composite volcano, steep-sloped volcanic deposit with alternating layers of hardened lava flows and pyroclastic material. |
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Definition
| Opening through which molten rock flows onto the earth's surface. |
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Definition
| Pyroclastic particles between 0.25 mm in diameter. |
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Definition
| Mountain formed when molten rock erupts onto the earth's surface. |
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Definition
| Any activity that includes the movement of magma toward or onto the earth's surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lava and pyroclastic material built up on the earth's surface around a vent. |
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